DESCRIPTIVE    BOOK 

AND 

Key   Plates 

OF 

Selous'  Two  Grand  Pictures 

OF 

JERUSALEM, 

Ancient  and  Modern. 

CONTAINING 

A    DETAILED     ACCOUNT     OF    NEARLY    TWO     HUNDRED     POINTS     OF     INTEREST 

IN   THE    PICTURES,    A    RESUME    OF    THE    RECENT     EXPLORATIONS 

IN    THE    CITY.    AND    OUTLINES    OF    ITS    TOPOGRAPHY, 

HISTORY   AND    ANTIQUITIES. 


By    REV.    ISRAEL    P.    WARREN,    D.   D. 


PUBLISHED    BY 

ELLIOT,    B  LAKES  LEE    &    NOYES; 
127     Tremont    Street, 

BOSTON. 


V 


MEMBERS    OF    THE 

^mmtan    Palestine    i^plorati0tt    &0iht|j. 


Prof.  Roswell  D.  Hitchcock,  D.  D., 
President. 


Hon.  William  E.  Dodge, 
William  A.  Booth,  Esq., 


Rev.  Howard  Crosby,  D.  D., 

Secretary. 


Vice-Presidents. 


John  Taylor  Johnston,  Esq., 
Howard  Potter,  Esq., 


James  Stokes,  Jr. 

Treasurer. 


Rev.  Leonard  Bacon,  D.  D.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Rev.  O.  M.  Barten,  Norfolk,  Va. 

Rev.  E.  R.  Beadle,  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Rev.  R.  R.  Booth,  D.  D.,  New  York. 

Rev.  Phillips  Brooks,  D.  D.,  Boston,  Mass. 

Rev.  W.  I.  Budington,  D.  D.,  Brooklyn,   N.  Y. 

Hon.  Norton  P.  Chipman,  M.  C,  Washington, 

D.  C. 
Frederick  E.  Church,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Rev.  Lyman  Coleman,  D.  D.,  Easton,  Pa. 
Prof.  James  D.   Dana,   LL.  D.,  New  Haven, 

Conn. 
Rev.  George  E.  Day,  D.  D.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Hon.  Smith  Ely,  M.  C,  New  York. 
William  Faxon,  Esq.,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Rev.  W.  L.  Gage,  Hartford,  Conn. 
Hon.  James  A.  Garfield,  M.    C,  Washington, 

1).  ('. 
Prof.  1).  C.  Oilman,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
Rev.  K.  P.  Goodwin,  D.  D.,  Chicago,  111. 
Pro£  II.  B.  Ilackett,  D.  D.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Prof.  Joseph  Henry,  LL.  D.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Joseph  I  low  land,  Esq.,  Matteawan,  N.  Y. 
I).  Willis  James,  Esq.,  New  York. 
J.  Augustus  Johnson,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Prof.  A.  C.  Kendrick,  D.  D.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  Daniel  March,  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Frederick  Marquand,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse,  New  York. 
Rev.  Richard  Newton,  D.  D.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Prof.  E.  A.  Park,  D.  D.,  Andover.  .Mass. 
Rev.  W.  W.  Patton,  D.  D.,  Chicago,  111. 
Pres.  Noah  Porter,  D.  D.,  New  Haven,  Conn. 
W.  C.  Prime,  Esq.,  New  York. 
Rev.  C.  S.  Robinson,  D.  L).,  New  York. 
Joseph  Seligman,  Esq.,  New  York. 
W.  R.  Singleton,  Esq.,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Prof.  H  B.  Smith,  D.  D.,  New  York. 
Rev.  John  Cotton  Smith,  1).  I).,  New  York. 
Prof.  James  Strong,  D.  D.,   Madison,  X.  J. 
Mr.  Justice  Noah  II.  Swayne,  Washington,  D.  C. 
Prof.  W.  Ii.  Thomson,  M    I).,  New  York. 
Prof.  W.  S.  Tyler,  LL.  D.,  Amherst,  Mass. 
Hon.  Hooper  Van  Vorst,  New  York. 
A.  ().  Van  Lennep,  Esq.,  New  York. 
W.  R.  Vermilye,  Esq.,   New  York. 
Rev.  J.  II.  Vincent,  I>.  D.,  New  York. 
Rev.  Wm.  Hayes  Ward,  New  York. 
Rev.  E.  A.  Washburn,  I'.  D.,  New  York. 
James  Weir,  Esq.,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 
Rev.  Samuel  Wolcott,  D.  D.,  Cleveland,  O. 
Rev.  Pres.  T.  D.  Woolsey,  D.  D.,  New  Haven. 
Conn. 


Rev.  W.  M.  Thomson,  D.  D.,  Beirut. 

Rev.  C.  V.  A.  Van  Dyck,  D.  D., 

Rev.  D.  Stuart  Dodge, 

Rev.  George  E.    Post,  M.  D., 

J.  Baldwin  Hay,  Esq.,  U.S.  Consul  Genl.  " 

R.  Beardsley,  Esq.,  U.  S.  Consul,  Jerusalem. 


Advisory  Comni'ttet. 


JERUSALEM, 

Ancient  and  Modern. 


DESCRIPTIVE    BOOK 

AND 

Key   Plates 

OF 

Selous'  Two  Grand  Pictures 

OF 

JERUSALEM, 

Ancient  and  Modern. 

CONTAINING 

A   DETAILED    ACCOUNT    OF    NEARLY   TWO    HUNDRED    POINTS     OF     INTEREST 

IN   THE    PICTURES,    A    RESUME    OF    THE    RECENT    EXPLORATIONS 

IN   THE   CITY,   AND   OUTLINES    OF   ITS    TOPOGRAPHY, 

HISTORY   AND    ANTIQUITIES. 


By    REV.   ISRAEL    P.   WARREN,   D.  D. 


PUBLISHED    BY 

ELLIOT,    BLAKESLEE    &    NOYES, 
127    Tremont    Street, 

BOSTON. 


NOTE. 

Thanks  are  due  to  the  Rev.  A.  P.  Stanley,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S.,  Regius  Professor  of  Ecclesi- 
astical History  in  the  University  of  Oxford,  and  the  Rev.  Horatius  Bonar,  D.  D.,  of  Edinburgh, 
for  communications  which  were  of  great  assistance  to  the  Artist. 

The  following  are  the  authorities  consulted  in  the  preparation  of  the  following  pages. 

The  Holy  Bible. 

The  Works  of  Flavius  Josephus.     Whiston's  Translation.     2  Vols. 

Biblical  Researches  in  Palestine.     By  Edward  Robinson,  D.  D.     3  Vols.,  2nd  Ed. 

The  City  t>f  the  Great  King.     By  J.  T.  Barclay,  M.  D. 

Cyclopaedia  of  Bible  Literature.     By  John  Kitto,  D.  D.     3  Vols.  3rd  Ed. 

Dictionary  of  the  Bible. .   By  William  Smith,  LL.  D.     3  Vols. 

Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,     do.  1  Vol. 

Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Geography,     do.  3  Vols. 

Ordnance  Survey  of  Jerusalem.     By  Capt.  C.  W.  Wilson. 

Recovery  of  Jerusalem.     By  Capts.'  Wilson  and  Warren. 

Sinai  and  Palestine.     By  A.  P.  Stanley,  D.  D.,  F.  R.  S. 

Commentary  on  the  Greek  Testament.     By  Henry  Alford,  B.  D.     4  Vols. 

The  Holy  City.     By  Rev.  G.  Williams,  B.  D. 

Bibliotheca  Sacra.     Vol.  III. 

The  Land  and  the  Book.     By  Rev.  W.  M.  Thomson,  D.  D. 

History  of  the  Jews.     By  M.  A.  Beck. 

The  City  of  Herod  and  Saladin.     By  Besant  and  Palmer. 

The  Siege  of  Jerusalem  by  Titus.     By  Thomas  Lewin,  Esq. 

The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.     By  Edward  Gibbon,  Esq.     2  Vols. 

Entered   according   to    Act   of  Congress   in   the   year    1873, 

By  Elliot,  Blakeslee  &  Noyes, 
In  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


CONTENTS. 


s^Kc 


List  of  Authorities,         ..... 
Description  of  the  Pictures,  .... 

I.  Situation  of  Jerusalem,  .... 

II.  History  of  Jerusalem,         .... 
Scriptural  allusions  illustrated, 

Key  Plate  to  Ancient  Jerusalem, 

Table  of  References  to  Ancient  Jerusalem,   . 

III.  Description  of  Localities  in  Ancient  Jerusalem, 

IV.  The  closing  scenes  in  the  Life  of  our  Lord,     •  . 

V.  Siege  and  Destruction  of  the  City  under  Titus, 

VI.  Modern  History  of  Jerusalem,     . 
Key  Plate  to  Modern  Jerusalem, 

Table  of  References  to  Modern  Jerusalem,    . 

VII.  Description  of  Localitits  in  Modern  Jerusalem, 

VIII.  Recent  Explorations  in  Modern  Jerusalem,    . 


Page. 
4 
6 

7 
9 
13 
14 
15 
16 
29 
33 
4i 
48 

49 
5° 
56 


LIST     OF     ILLUSTRATIONS. 


View  of  the  Tyropceon  Valley  and  Robinson's  Arch,  .  .  Frontispiece. 

Cartouche  of  Rehoboam,  .........  10 

Zizyphus  Spina  Christi,  or  Christ's  Thorn,  .  .  .  .  .  .16 

Pool  of  Siloam,        ..........  18 

Plan  of  the  Sanctuary  Area,  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .18 

Discoveries  in  the  Tyropceon  Valley,    .  .  .  .  .  .  .  21 

Facade  of  the  Tombs  of  the  Kings,    ........    28 

Medal  of  Vespasian,  .........  40 

Plan  of  Jerusalem  in  the  twelth  Century,  .  .  .  .  .  -47 

The  Mosk  of  Omar,  .........  51 

Jews'  Wailing  Place,     ..........     53 

Excavation  at  south-east  corner  of  the  Temple  Wall  with  Phoenician  Characters 

on  the  Stones.  .........  56 

5 


VI 


DESCRIPTION     OF 


Selous'  two  Grand  Pictures  of  Jerusalem. 

Selous'  pictures  of  Jerusalem  are  two  very  large  and  fine  oil  paintings.  The 
canvas  of  each  is  8  feet  high  and  12  feet  long,  and  when  the  two  pictures  are  pro- 
perly set  up  for  exhibition,  side  by  side,  they  with  their  frames  and  drapery  occu- 
py a  space  about  16  feet  in  hight  by  32  feet  in  length. 

The  ^reat  size  of  these  pictures  and  the  extreme  care  with  which  they  are  paint- 
ed, has  enabled  the  artist  in  each  case  to  plainly  represent  the  entire  city  of  Jeru- 
salem with  much  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  to  produce  two  very  grand  and 
noble  views  of  the  Holy  City  at  two  widely  different  periods  of  its  history. 
They  contain  together  upwards  of  250  special  points  of  interest  and  more  than 
200  highly  finished  figures,  and  havecreated  a  most  extraordinary  interest  wherever 
they  have  been  seen.  In  England  they  were  visited  by  upwards  of  500,000  persons. 


I.  Jerusalem  in  her  Grandeur. 

This  picture  represents  the  city  as  it  appeared 
at  the  time  of  its  greatest  magnificence,  which 
was  after  it  had  been  rebuilt  by  Herod  the 
Great,  and  during  the  lifetime  of  our  Saviour. 

In  the  general  arrangement  of  the  city,  in  the 
appearance,  size  and  location  of  its  walls,  gates 
and  principal  buildings,  the  artist  has  closely 
followed  the  descriptions  given  in  the  Bible  ; 
and  in  Josephus  and  other  historians  ;  or  as 
placed  by  tradition,  or  ascertained  by  recent  ex- 
plorations and  surveys.  Indeed,  as  will  be 
found  by  a  careful  examination  of  the  works 
quoted  and  referred  to  in  the  accompanying 
"  Descriptive  Book"  there  is  good  authority  for 
nearly  every  thing  represented  upon  the  canvas. 
And  the  artist  has  used  his  imagination  only  so 
far  as  was  necessary  to  clothe  the  plain  state- 
ments of  historians  with  pictorial  life.  So  that 
in  viewing  this  fine  picture  one  may  feel  assured 
that  in  its  general  appearance  he  is  gaining  a 
correct  impression  of  the  grandeur  and  glory  of 
Jerusalem  at  the  time  when  Dean  Stanley 
describes  it  as  "a  City  of  Palaces."  and  which 
he  says  was  then  probably  equaled  by  no  city 
of  the  West,  except  Rome,  in  its  external  mag- 
nificence. 

In  this  noble  picture  the  spectator  is  sup- 
posed to  be  standing  upon  Mt.  Olivet,  looking 
down  upon  the  city  from  a  considerable  eleva- 
tion and  distance.  The  rising  suit  illumines  the 
scene  with  a  flood  of  light.  In  the  foreground 
is  the  Valley  of  Jehosophat,  through  which  flows 
the  Brook  Kidron,  while  just  beyond  from  the 
slope  of  Mt.  Moriah  rise  the  massive  walls  of 
the  Tempi. e.  lis  porches  and  courts  are  plain- 
ly visible;  its  beautiful  gates  and  its  altar  from 
which  ascends  the  smoke  of  the  morning  sacri- 
fice ;  and  its  sanctuary  glittering  in  marble  and 
gold.  It  is  a  scene  of  surpassing  magnificence 
and  beauty,  and  while  strictly  following  the  de- 
scriptions of  the  best  authorities,  is,  because  of 
its  brilliant  coloring,  like  a  new  revelation  of 
the  magnificence  of  the  Temple  where  Christ 
taught,  even  to  those  whose  studies  have  made 
them  most  familiar  with  its  plan  and  arrange- 
ment. At  the  right  frowns  the  dark  Castle  of 
Antonia  —  shadowed  by  a  passing  cloud  — 
while  at  the  left  are  seen  the  strong  towers  and 
palaces  of  Ophcl.  Beyond  is  Mt.  Zion,  thg 
place  of  Royal  residences,  conspicuous  amongst 
which  rises  the  marble  palace  of  Herod  the 
Great,  with  the  great  towers  Hippicus,  Phasaelus 
and    Mariamne.     Away  to  the   north  on   the 


plain  is  the  "very  great"  Amphitheater,  while 
the  Race  courses,  the  Theater,  and  the  other 
public  buildings  of  Bezetha  are  seen  nearer  at 
hand. 

In  the  immediate  foreground,  the  artist  has 
represented  the  triumphal  entry  of  our  Lord 
into  the  Holy  City,  riding  upon  "a  colt  the  foal 
of  an  ass."  Near  him  are  John,  Peter  and  the 
other  disciples  ;  while  all  about,  the  multitudes 
are  thronging,  waving  palm  branches,  and 
shouting :  "  Hosanna,  blessed  is  he  that  cometh 
in  the  name  of  the  Lord." 

II.  Jerusalem  in  her  Decay. 

This  picture  represents  the  city  from  the  same 
direction  as  the  other,  but  the  point  of  view  is 
nearer  and  much  less  elevated.  The  general 
features  of  the  landscape  remain  the  same.  The 
Kidron  Valley,  Mt.  Moriah,  Mt.  Zion,  and  the 
distant  Mizpeh  are  still  seen  ;  but  all  else  now 
changed.  The  glowing  Temple  resplendent  in 
snowy  marble  and  gold,  has  given  place  to  the 
Mosk  of  Omar,  and  the  dreary  inclosure  of  the 
Ilaram.  The  old  stones  at  the  southeast  cor- 
ner of  the  wall  still  mark  the  course  of  the  foun- 
dations laid  by  Solomon,  upon  which  in  part 
rest  tbe  modern  walls  which  inclose  all  that  re- 
mains of  the  sacred  city.  Ophel  has  entirely  dis- 
appeared, covered  beneath  the  debris  of  centu- 
ries. Zion  is  no  longer  a  city  of  Palaces,  but 
the  low  stone  houses  mark  the  dwelling  places 
of  the  Jews,  while  the  Armenian  Convent  is 
conspicuous  in  the  distance.  The  square  Tow- 
er and  two  beautiful  domes  of  the  Church  of 
the  Holy  Sepulcher  are  plainly  seen  in  the 
midst  of  the  city,  and  the  bazars  and  houses  of 
the  Moslem  quarter  a  little  further  to  the  north 
and  east.  Every  building,  whether  house,  tow- 
er, dome,  minaret,  church,  convent  or  mosk, 
to  be  seen  from  our  stand-point  on  Olivet,  is 
reproduced  on  the  canvas  with  more  than  pho- 
tographic accuracy.  The  chawing  is  perfect, 
while  the  local  coloring  of  all  things  is  exactly 
rendered.  Even  the  moslem  tombs  and  the  nu- 
merous foot-paths  on  the  slope  of  Mt.  Moriah, 
the  mosses  on  the  walls,  the  very  stones  of  the 
walls  themselves,  are  correctly  represented,  so 
that  in  looking  at  this  splendid  painting  "one 
sees  Jerusalem  as  it  is  in  every  stone  and  every 
line,"  and  although  it  is  minutely  accurate  in  all 
its  details,  yet  its  broad  masses  of  light  and 
shade  arc  so  finely  distributed  that  "  the  effect 
is  broad,  grand,  harmonious  and  artistic  in  the 
highest  degree." 


J  ERUSALEM 

ANCIENT    AND    MODERN. 


I. 

SITUATION. 

Jerusalem,  called  by  the  Arabs  El-Kuds,  "  the  Holy,"  is  situated  near 
the  summit  of  the  broad  mountain  ridge  which  divides  the  Mediterranean 
Sea  from  the  deep  valley  of  the  Jordan,  at  a  distance  of  32  miles  from 
the  former,  and  18  from  the  latter.  The  elevation  of  its  highest  part,  Zion, 
is  2550  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  The  latitude  of  the  city  is  3 1° 
47'   north,  its  longitude  35 °  18'  East  from  Greenwich.1 

Its  position  and  configuration  were  determined  chiefly  by  the  valleys 
which  surround  it  except  on  the  north,  and  whose  depth  and  precipitous 
sides  constitute  natural  defenses  against  assault.  On  the  east  is  the  valley 
of  the  Kidron,  called  also  in  its  southern  part  the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat. 
On  the  west  and  south,  is  the  valley  of  Hinnom,  which  unites  with  the 
former  about  half  a  mile  below  the  city,  and  thence  passes  in  a  south-east 
direction  to  the  Dead  Sea.  Between  these  two  is  a  third  valley,  the  Tyro- 
poeon  or  valley  of  the  Cheesemakers,  dividing  the  city  into  two  somewhat 
unequal  portions  of  which  the  western  is  the  larger,  and  opening  into  the 
valley  of  Hinnom,  just  above  its  junction  with  Jehoshaphat.  All  these  val- 
leys commence  in  gentle  depressions  in  the  level  land  north  of  the  city,  but, 
descending  rapidly,  they  soon  become  deep  and  narrow  ravines  until,  at 
their  confluence,  their  bed  is  no  less  than  570  feet  lower  than  Zion,  while 
the  Dead  Sea  is  about  3270  feet  still  lower,  being  1290  feet  below  the 
waters  of  the  Mediterranean,  and  the  lowest  point  on  the  surface  of  the 
globe.2 

The  site  thus  strongly  defined  consists  mainly  of  two  eminences,  separ- 
ated by  the  Tyropoeon,  of  which  the  eastern  is  Mount  Moriah,  and  the 
western,  which  is  about  125  feet  higher  than  the  other,  is  Mount  Zion. 
North  of  these  the  ground  is  more  nearly  level,  rising  toward  the  north-west 

1  Ordnance  Survey.        2  Kitto's  Bib.  Cycl.  vol.  Ill,  p.  799. 


8 


JERUSALEM. 


and  north-east  in  gentle  slopes,  where  are  the  quarters  called  respectively 
Akra  and  Bezetha. 

On  the  east  of  the  city,  separated  from  it  by  the  Kidron  and  vate  of 
Jehoshaphat,  is  the  Mount  of  Olives,  which  rises  in  two  or  three  rounded 
summits  about  220  feet  higher  than  Zion,  the  southernmost  of  which  is 
called  the  Mount  of  Offense,  from  the  idolatries  practiced  there  by  Solo- 
mon under  the  influence  of  his  heathen  wives.1  The  northern  extremity 
of  the  mountain  bends  around  toward  the  west,  constituting  the  eminence 
named  Scopus,  distant  about  a  mile  from  the  city.  On  the  south  is 
the  Hill  of  Evil  Council,  so  called  from  the  tradition  that  here  was  the 
country  residence  of  the  high-priest  Caiaphas,  where  Judas  made  his 
vile  bargain  for  the  betrayal  of  his  Master.2  On  the  west  and  north,  the 
surface  is  comparatively  level,  rising  gently  toward  the  hills  which  bound 
the  horizon  at  a  distance  of  from  2  to  5  miles.  Prominent  among  the 
latter  is  the  conical  summit  called  Neby  Samwil,  probably  the  ancient  Miz- 
peh,  the  reputed  burial  place  of  the  prophet  Samuel.3 

The  subjoined  sketch  will  give  a  general  view  of  the  site  of  the  city  and 
the  localities  now  mentioned. 


I.  Robinson's  Arch.     2.  Jews'  Wailiug-place. 
'Kings  11:  7.       s  Matt.  26:  12— 16.       'No.  98. 


HISTORY. 


n. 

HISTORY. 

The  earliest  allusion  to  the  Sacred  City  is  generally  supposed  to  be  found 
in  the  record  of  the  interview  between  Abraham  and  Melchizedek,  who  was 
priest  and  king  of  Salem,1  and  whom  the  Rabbins  believed  to  have  been 
the  patriarch  Shem.2  This  name  Salem,  or  Peace,  is  still  incorporated  in 
the  name  of  the  city,  the  word  Jerush-shalem  signifying,  according  to  Ge- 
senius,  the  "  Foundation  of  Peace."  A  few  years  later  Abraham  visited  the 
place  again,  having  been  sent  to  Mount  Moriah  to  offer  his  son  Isaac  in 
sacrifice.3  No  further  mention  is  made  of  the  city  till  the  conquest  of  Ca- 
naan under  Joshua,  when  its  king,  Adoni-zedek,  joined  in  a  league  with  four 
neighboring  kings  to  punish  the  Gibeonites  for  having  made  peace  with  the 
invaders,  but  was  defeated  and  put  to  death,  the  sun  and  the  moon,  at  the 
command  of  Joshua,  delaying  their  course  to  render  the  victory  more  com- 
plete.4 After  the  death  of  Joshua,  Jerusalem  was  besieged  by  the  Hebrews 
and  burnt,5  —  a  statement,  however,  which  probably  refers  only  to  what  is 
called  the  Lower  City,  and  not  to  the  stronghold  of  Zion,  for  it  is  afterward 
said  that "  they  did  not  drive  out  the  Jebusites  that  inhabited  Jerusalem,  but 
the  Jebusites  dwell  with  the  children  of  Benjamin  to  this  day."  6 

Four  hundred  years  after  the  conquest,  David  came  to  the  throne  of  Is- 
rael, at  Hebron,  and  in  the  seventh  year  of  his  reign,  undertook  the  cap- 
ture of  Jerusalem.  The  citizens  relying  upon  their  supposed  impregnable 
position,  derided  his  attempt,  tauntingly  shouting  that  the  blind  and  the 
lame  would  be  alone  sufficient  to  defend  it.7  David,  however,  called  for 
volunteers  to  storm  the  walls,  promising  to  make  him  who  should  first  scale 
the  defenses  his  general-in-chief.  This  offer  was  accepted  by  Joab,  who 
succeeded  in  the  assault,  and  was  thereafter  "  over  the  host."  Having  thus 
gotten  possession  of  the  fortress,  David  repaired  and  strengthened  its 
walls,  and  built  for  himself  there  a  palace,  and  from  that  time  the  place  was 
denominated  the  "  City  of  David."  He  also  erected  a  new  tent  or  tabernacle 
for  the  sacred  ark,  which  he  brought  with  great  rejoicing  from  Kirjath 
Jearim,  where  it  had  remained  the  last  twenty  years,  thus  making  Mount 
Zion  the  religious  as  well  as  political  capital  of  the  nation.8     It  was  from 

1  Gen.  14 :  1S-20.         2  Kitto  Bib.  Cycl.  Vol.  III.  p.  125.     Barclay  p.  47.         s  Gen.  22 :  2.       *  Josh.  16. 
6Judgesi:S.        e Judges  1 :  21.         7  2  Sam.  5:6.    8  2  Sam.  6:  17-19. 


10 


JERUSALEM. 


this  fact  that  in  the  earlier  Psalms,  written  by  David  before  the  erection  of 
the  temple,  the  word  "  Zion  "  became  so  identified  with  the  worship  of  Jeho- 
vah, and  even  in  our  Christian  phraseology  has  come  to  be  invested  with 
the  most  sacred  associations,  as  synonymous  with  the  church  of  God,  and 
an  emblem  of  heaven,  the  Mount  Zion  above.1 

Under  Solomon  his  son,  Jerusalem  was  further  enlarged  and  fortified, 
and  raised  to  a  hight  of  splendor  and  opulence  surpassing,  probably,  at  that 
time  all  the  cities  of  the  world.  His  crowning  work  was  the  building  of 
the  temple  on  Mount  Moriah.  Hitherto  this  had  been  an  uninhabited  ledge 
of  rock,  its  summit  used  as  a  threshing  floor,  belonging  to  Araunah  or  Oman, 
the  Jebusite  king.  Here  the  destroying  angel,  who  had  been  commissioned 
to  smite  the  land  with  pestilence  for  David's  sin  in  numbering  the  people, 
stayed  his  course,  and  the  now  penitent  king,  at  the  command  of  his  prophet, 
purchased  the  threshing  floor  of  Araunah,  with  the  oxen  and  threshing  in- 
struments, and  built  thereon  an  altar,  upon  which  he  offered  the  oxen  as  a  sac- 
rifice to  the  Lord.2  The  spot  made  thus  doubly  memorable  as  the  scene  of 
Abraham's  faith  and  of  God's  sparing  mercy,  was  chosen  as  the  site  of  the 
temple.  In  this  great  work  Solomon  was  aided  by  the  vast  preparations 
which  his  father  had  made  for  it,  and  by  the  workmen  and  materials  furnished 
him  by  the  king  of  Tyre.  The  sacred  edifice  thus  constructed  was  alike 
the  glory  of  the  nation  and  the  wonder  of  the  world,  and  its  dedication  was 
signalized  by  God's  visible  acceptance  of  it,  in  a  pillar  of  cloud  and  fire,  as 
the  sanctuary  of  his  presence,  the  earthly  dwelling-place  of  the  Most 
High.3 

The  history  of  the  city  and  temple  thenceforward  was  substantially  iden- 
tical with  that  of  the  Jewish  nation.  When  their  idolatrous  wickedness 
called  for  chastisement,  God  suffered  these  to  be  insulted  and  plundered. 
Under  Rehoboam,  the  son  of  Solomon,  not  only  did 
ten  of  the  tribes  revolt  and  set  up  the  rival  kingdom 
of  Israel,  but  Jerusalem  itself  was  taken  and  plun- 
dered by  the  great  Shishak,  king  of  Egypt  (B.  C.  972), 
of  which  a  record  remains  in  the  temple  of  Karnak  to 
this  day.  The  victorious  monarch  is  sculptured  with 
his  prisoners  before  him,  one  of  whom  having  his 
arms  bound  and  a  halter  round  his  neck,  bears  a  car- 
touche or  oval,  with  the  name  in  hieroglyphics  "  Joudh- 
melk"  —  i,  c.  Judah-Melek,    "king  of  Judah."      The 


Cartouche  of  Rehoboam. 


1  llcb.  12:  22;  Kcv.  14:  1.        *  2  Sam.  24:  15-25;      9  i  Kings  S:  io,  n. 


HISTORY.  11 

designation  "  land  "  which  is  added,  denotes  that  reference  is  made  to  the 
country  and  not  the  person  of  that  monarch.  The  city  was  again  taken  and 
sacked  under  Jehoram  by  the  Philistines  and  Arabs  (B.  C.  887)  ;  a  third  time 
under  Amaziah  by  Joash,  king  of  Israel  (B.  C.  826),  who  demolished  the  walls 
for  400  cubits  "  from  the  gate  of  Ephraim  to  the  corner  gate  ;  "  a  fourth  time 
under  Manasseh,  by  the  Assyrians,  who  sent  him  a  prisoner  to  Babylon  (B.  C. 
677);  and  again  a  fifth  and  sixth  time  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  finally  burned 
the  city  and  temple,  demolished  the  walls,  and  carried  away  all  but  a  few  of 
the  poorest  of  the  people  as  captives  (B.  C.  588). 

The  decree  of  Cyrus,  authorizing  the  return  of  the  Jews  and  the  rebuild- 
ing of  the  temple,  was  issued  B.  C.  536.  The  remnant  of  the  nation  that 
accepted  the  offer  numbered  42,360  persons.1  Many  obstacles,  however, 
impeded  their  undertaking,  and  it  was  20  years  before  the  new  temple 
was  completed  and  dedicated2  (B.  C.  5 1 5),  and  70  years  more  before  the 
rebuilding  of  the  walls  was  finished,  under  Nehemiah3  (B.  C.  445.)  From 
that  time  till  the  Christian  era  the  history  of  Jerusalem  was  marked  by 
vicissitudes  not  inferior  to  those  of  the  former  period.  During  the  greater 
portion  of  the  time  the  government  was  in  the  hands  of  the  high  priests, 
among  whom  was  the  renowned  family  of  the  Asamonaeans,  so  called  from  one 
of  thtir  ancestors  named  Asamonaeus,  but  perhaps  more  commonly  known 
as  the  Maccabees,  from  Judas  Maccabaeus,  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
of  their  number.  This  epithet  is  said  to  have  been  derived  from  Makkab, 
a  hammer,  because  of  his  valor  in  smiting  the  enemies  of  his  people.4  At 
that  time  the  impious  Antiochus  Epiphanes  was  king  of  Syria,  one  of  the 
four  monarchies  into  which  the  empire  of  Alexander  of  Macedon  had  been 
divided  at  his  death.  This  cruel  tyrant,  whose  career :  had  been  minutely 
depicted  almost  four  centuries  before  by  the  prophet  Daniel,5  had  obtained 
possession  of  Judaea  among  the  conquests  of  his  father  Antiochus  the  Great, 
and  selling  the  high  priesthood  to  a  creature  of  his  own,  he  undertook  to 
abolish  the  Jewish  religion,  and  even  to  exterminate  the  nation.  He  car- 
ried off  vast  numbers  of  the  people  as  slaves,  robbed  the  temple  of  all  its 
treasures  and  sacred  utensils,  abolished  the  daily  sacrifices,  and  forbade, 
under  the  penalty  of  death,  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath  and  circumcision. 
Not  content  with  this  he  proceeded  to  formally  desecrate  the  sanctuary 
itself,  by  offering  a  swine  on  the  altar,  dedicating  the  building  to  Jupiter, 
and  setting  up  within  it  idols,  with  their  obscene  worship.  These  outrages 
kindled  the  patriotic  indignation  of  the  brave  Maccabaean  family,  and  after  a 
long  series  of  conflicts  the  tyrant  was  defeated  and  expelled  from  Palestine 

1Neh.7:66.        2Ezra6:i7.        »Neh.  12:27.        *  Smith's  Die.  of  Bib.  Vol.  II.,  p.  164.        s  Dan.  12. 


12  JERUSALEM. 

by  Judas,  about  B.  C.  164.  After  this  the  independence  of  the  nation  was 
maintained  for  a  hundred  years,  when  it  was  conquered  by  the  Romans 
under  Pompey,  and  made  part  of  the  Roman  province  of  Syria. 

In  the  year  B.  C.  40,  Herod  I.  surnamed  the  Great,  was  appointed  king 
of  Judaea  by  the  Roman  Senate.  He  was  the  son  of  Antipater  an  Idu- 
mean  by  an  Arabian  princess.  He  endeavored  to  gain  the  favor  of  the 
Jews  by  marrying  Mariamne  the  granddaughter  of  Hyrcanus  II.,  one  of 
the  Maccabees ;  but  they  refused  to  acknowledge  him  as  king,  and  adhered 
to  Antigonus  the  direct  representative  of  the  Asamonaean  line.  With  the 
aid  of  the  Romans  Herod  then  sought  to  attain  the  throne  by  force,  but 
he  did  not  gain  possession  of  Jerusalem  till  at  the  end  of  a  bloody  siege,  in 
B.  C.  37.1  He  was  a  monarch  of  magnificent  tastes,  and  though  a  cruel 
tyrant  and  oppressor,  did  more  than  any  other  after  the  time  of  Solomon  to 
restore  and  adorn  the  city.  He  erected  for  himself  a  sumptuous  palace  on 
Mount  Zion,  and  numerous  public  buildings  in  the  lower  city  and  its  suburbs. 
He  also  rebuilt  the  temple,  enlarging  its  dimensions,  and  lavishing 
upon  it  the  most  costly  ornaments,  so  that  it  surpassed  even  the  temple  of 
Solomon  in  its  pristine  glory.  His  excesses  at  length  brought  upon  him 
an  incurable  and  most  offensive  disease,  of  which  he  died  a  few  months  after 
the  birth  of  our  Lord,  whom  he  had  vainly  sought  to  destroy  by  murdering 
the  infant  children  of  Bethlehem,  in  the  year  B.  C.  4.2 

Herod  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Archelaus,  who  after  a  brief  reign  was 
deposed  and  banished  to  Gaul,  and  Judaea  again  became  a  Roman  province, 
under  the  administration  of  a  procurator  or  "  governor,"  the  sixth  in  succession 
of  whom  was  Pontiiu  Pilate,  under  whom  our  Lord  was  crucified  in  A.  D.  29. 

The  first  of  the  two  paintings  before  us  represents  the  city  as  it  was  left 
by  Herod,  or  rather  as  it  was  designed  by  him,  for  his  plans  were  not  fully 
carried  out  till  some  years  afterward,  under  the  administration  of  his  success- 
ors. It  is  intended  especially  to  show  it  as  it  appeared  in  the  time  of  our 
Lord,  when  it  was  invested  with  its  highest  sanctity  and  glory  by  the  pres- 
ence of  one  greater  than  David  or  Solomon,  the  Messiah  whom  it  expected, 
but  whom  it  failed  to  recognize  and  put  to  death  as  a  malefactor. 

1  Jos.  Ant.  14,  16,  4.        '*  Matt.  2 :  16. 


SCRIPTURE    ALLUSIONS. 


13 


SCRIPTURE     ALLUSIONS. 


To  Zion,  as  the  residence  of  Jehovah. 

"  Sing  praises  to  the  Lord  which  dwelleth 
in  Zion  "  Ps.  9  :  11  ;  76:  2;  Isa.  8:  18; 
Joel  3  :  21. 

To  the  Temple  proper,  as  his  abode. 

"  The  Lord  is  in  his  holy  temple."  Ps.  11 : 
4 ;  Mic.  1:2;  Heb.  2  :  20. 

To  the  Temple  as  surrounded  by  worshipers  in 
the  court  of  Israel. 

"  Thou  art  holy,  O  thou  that  inhabitest  the 
praises  of  Israel."  Ps.  22  :  3.  "  So  shall 
the  congregation  of  the  people  compass  thee 
about."     Ps.  7  :  7. 

To  the  chambers  around  the  temple,  in  which 
the  priests  and  others  devoted  to  God's  ser- 
vice abode. 

"  Blessed  are  they  that  dwell  in  thy  house  : 
they  will  be  still  praising  thee."  Ps.  84 :  4. 
"  One  thing  have  I  desired  of  the  Lord,  — 
that  I  may  dwell  in  the  house  of  the  Lord  all 
the  days  of  my  life."     Ps.  27  :  4. 

To  the  Veil  which  parted  off  the  Holy  of  Ho- 
lies. 

"  Which  hope  we  have  as  an  anchor  of  the 
soul  both  sure  and  steadfast,  and  which  en- 
tereth  into  that  within  the  veil."  Heb.  6  : 
19;  9 :  11,  12. 

To  the  Offerings  on  the  great  Altar. 

"  That  ye  present  your  bodies  a  living  sac- 
rifice." Rom.  12:  1.  "I  am  now  ready  to 
be  offered."  2  Tim.  4:6.  "I  saw  under  the 
altar  the  souls  of  them  that  were  slain  for  the 
word  of  God."     Rev.  6  :  9. 

To  the  Gates  and  Doors  of  the  temple. 

"  Lift  up  your  heads,  O  ye  gates,  and  be  ye 
lifted  up  ye  everlasting  doors."     Ps.  24  :  7. 
"  Enter  into  his  gates  with  thanksgiving."  Ps. 
100 :  4.     "  I  had  rather  be  a  doorkeeper  in 
the  house  of  my  God."     Ps.  84  :  10. 

To  the  Ascent  by  steps  to  the  Sanctuary. 

"  Who  shall  ascend  into  the  hill  of  the 
Lord  ?"     Ps.  24  :  3. 

To  the  Courts  of  the  Temple. 

"My  soul  fainteth  for  the  courts  of  the 
Lord."  Ps.  92  :  13.  "Bring  an  offering  and 
come  into  his  courts."     Ps.  96  :  8. 

To  the  Soreg  or  partition  wall  between  the 
court  of  the  Gentiles  and  the  inner  courts. 

"  He  is  our  peace  who  hath  made  both 
one,  and  hath  broken  down  the  middle  wall 
of  partition  between  us."     Eph.  2  :  14. 


To  the  Cisterns  under  the  temple  area  which 
supplied  water  for  the  sacred  rites. 

"With  joy  shall  ye  draw  water  out  of  the 
wells  of  salvation."  Isa.  12:  3.  "Jesus  stood 
and  cried  saying  ;  If  any  man  thirst,  let  him 
come  unto  me  and  drink.  He  that  believ- 
eth  on  me  as  the  scripture  hath  said,  "  Out  of 
his  belly  shall  flow  rivers  of  living  water." 
John  7  :  37,  38. 

To  the   Aqueduct,    and  Subterranean    channels 
leading  to  Siloam. 

"  There  is  a  river  the  streams  whereof 
shall  make  glad  the  city  of  God,  the  holy 
pla'ce  of  the  tabernacles  of  the  Most  High." 
Ps.  46  :  4.  "  Waters  issued  out  from  under 
the  threshold  of  the  house  eastward,"  etc. 
Ezek.  47  :  1-12.  "  He  showed  me  a  pure 
river  of  the  water  of  life,  clear  as  crystal,  pro- 
ceeding out  of  the  throne  of  God  and  the 
Lamb."     Rev.  22  :  1. 

To  the  Marble  Pillars  supporting  the  roof  of 
the  temple  cloisters,  some  of  them  gifts  of 
distant  kings  and  inscribed  with  their  names. 
"  Him  that  overcometh  will  I  make  a  pil- 
lar in  the  temple  of  my  God  ;  and  he  shall 
go  no  more  out :  and  I  will  write  upon  him 
the  name  of  my  God  and  the  name  of  the  city 
of  my  God,  which  is  New  Jerusalem  and  I  will 
write  upon  him  my  new  name."     Rev.  3  :  12. 

To  the  Foundation  Walls  of  the  temple. 

"  I  have  laid  the  foundation  and  another 
buildeth  thereon.  —  If  any  man  build  on  this 
foundation  gold,  silver,  precious  stones, 
wood,  hay,  stubble,  every  man's  work  shall 
be  made  manifest. "  1  Cor.  3  :  10-15. 
"  Ye  are  built  upon  the  foundation  of  the 
apostles  and  prophets,  Jesus  Christ  himself 
being  the  chief  corner  stone,  in  whom  all  the 
building  fitly  framed  together  groweth  into 
a  holy  temple  in  the  Lord  ;  in  whom  ye  also 
are  builded  together  for  an  habitation  of  God 
through  the  Spirit."     Eph.  2 :  19-22. 

To  the  Sanctity  and  Inviolability  of  the  temple. 
"  Know  ye  not  that  ye  are  the  temple  of 
God  and  that  the  Spirit  of  God  dwelleth  in 
you  ?  If  any  man  defile  the  temple  of  God 
him  shall  God  destroy ;  for  the  temple  of 
God  is  holy,  which  temple  ye  are."  1  Cor. 
3  :  16-17.  "  And  there  shall  in  no  wise  en- 
ter into  it  any  thing  that  defileth,  neither  what- 
soever worketh  abomination  or  maketh  a 
lie"     Rev.  21  :  27. 


REFERENCES. 


To 


REFERENCES     TO     KEY-PLATE,     NO.     I. 


A.  The  Mount  of  Olives. 

i.  Jesus  riding  upon  the  Ass. 

2.  Scribes  and  Doctors  of  the  Law. 

3.  Roman  Horsemen. 

4.  Zizyphus  Spina  Christi. 

5.  Palm-tree. 

6.  Cedars. 

7.  Olive-tree. 

B.  The  Valley  of  Kidron  or  Jehosha- 

PHAT. 

8.  Garden  of  Gethsemane. 

9.  Ruined  Tombs. 
10.  The  Peristerion. 

II-  Fountain  of  the  Virgin. 

C.  The  Valley  of  Hinnom. 

12.  Pool  of  Siloam. 

13.  Bridsre  and  To*ver  of  Defense. 

14.  Aceldama  or  the  Potter's  Field. 

D.  Mount  Mori  ah  and  the  Temple. 

15.  The  Gate  Shushan. 

16.  Bridge  of  the  Red  Heifer. 

17.  The  "Tower  that  lieth  out." 

18.  The  Triple  Gate. 

19.  The  Double  Gate. 

20.  The  Porches  or  Cloisters. 

21.  The  Court  of  the  Gentiles. 

22.  Entrance  to  the  Great  Cistern. 

23.  The  Soreg. 

24.  The  Chel. 

25.  Walls  and  Apartments. 

26.  Court  of  the  Women. 

27.  The  Beautiful  Gate. 

28.  The  Gate  Nicanor. 

29.  The  Court  of  Israel. 

30.  The  Thrigeos. 

31.  The  Great  Altar  of  Sacrifice. 

32.  The  Sanctuary. 

33.  The  Pastophoria. 

34.  The  Gate  Shallecheth. 

35.  The  Tyropceon  Bridge. 

E.  Ophel. 

36.  The  Horse  Gate. 

37.  The  Royal  Stables. 

38.  Gate  of  the  Sun  or  East  Gate. 

39.  The  Tower  of  Ophel. 

40.  The  Water  Gate 

41.  House  of  the  King's  Chamberlain. 

42.  House  of  Asuppim. 

43.  Dwellings  of  the  Nethinim. 

44.  The  "  Gate  between  two  Walls." 

F.  Mount  Zion. 

45.  The  Armory. 

46.  Great  Mound  or  Causeway. 

47.  Palace  of  the  Maccabees. 

48.  The  Xystus. 

49.  The  Gate  Miphkad. 


50.  The    House   of  the   Mighty. 

51.  The  Gate  of  the  Fountain. 

52.  The  Tower  of  Siloam. 

53.  The  Great  Aqueduct  of  Solomon. 

54.  Gate  of  the  Essenes. 

55.  Theater  and  Baths. 

56.  House  of  Annas. 

57.  The  Upper  Market. 

58.  Palace  of  Caiaphas. 

59.  The  Tomb    of  David. 

60.  The  Palace    of  Herod. 

61.  Tower    of   Hippicus. 

62.  Tower   of   Phasselus. 

63.  Tower    of  Mariamne. 

64.  The   Gate    Gennath. 

G.    Akra  and  the  Lower  City. 

65.  The   Valley    Gate. 

66.  Monument    of  John  Hyrcanus. 

67.  Pool   of   Hezekiah. 

68.  Golgotha    or    Calvary. 

69.  The    Holy    Sepulcher. 

70.  The    Gate    of  Judgment. 

71.  The    Common   Prison. 

72.  The    Corner    Gate. 

73.  The    Old    Gate. 

74.  House    of  Records. 

75.  Hospital    of  Hyrcanus. 

76.  Sepulchral    Monuments. 

77.  The    Council    House. 

78.  The    Timber    Market. 

79.  The    Market   Place. 

80.  The    Mint. 

81.  The  Via    Dolorosa. 

82.  The  College  or  School  of  the  Prophets. 

83.  Theater   and  Race  Course  of  Herod. 

84.  Herod's   Granary. 

85.  The  Gate  of  Benjamin. 

86.  The  Baris. 

87.  The  Castle  of  Antonia. 

88.  Strato's  Tower. 

89.  The  Fish  Gate. 

90.  Pool  of  Bethesda. 

91.  Tower  of  Hananeel. 

92.  Tower  of  Meah. 

93.  The  Sheep  Gate. 

94.  The  Sheep  Market. 

H.     Bezetha  and  the  Suburbs. 

95.  Herod's  Hippodrome. 

96.  The   Fuller's  Monument. 

97.  Scopus. 

98.  Tombs  of  the  Kings. 

99.  Mizpeh. 

100.  Herod's  Amphitheater. 

101.  Camp  of  the  Assyrians. 

102.  The  Tower  Psephinus. 

103.  The  Hill  Gareb. 

104.  The  Plain  of  Rephaim. 

105.  The  Hill  of  Evil  Council. 


16 


JERUSALEM. 


m. 

JERUSALEM  IN  HER  GRANDEUR. 
Description    of  Localities,  with  References  to  Key  Plate,  No.  I 


A.    The  Mount  of  Olives. 

The  foreground  of  the  picture  represents  the 
western  slope  of  the  Mount,  a  short  distance 
below  the  summit,  where  the  road  from  Beth- 
any over  the  southern  brow  passes  obliquely 
along  the  declivity  toward  the  city.  The  pro- 
cession here  depicted  is  that  of  our  Savisur, 
making  his  triumphal  entry  into  Jerusalem, 
amid  the  hosannas  of  the  multitude.1 

1.  Jesus  riding  upon  the  Ass.  Near 
him  are  John,  and  the  other  apostles ;  a  little 
before  him  Judas,  with  downcast  face  medita- 
ting his  treachery  ;  on  the  right  a  restored  paraly- 
tic worshiping,  and  a  woman  imploring  relief 
for  a  sick  child.  Further  down  the  path  are 
persons  strewing  their  garments  and  branches 
of  trees  in  the  way. 

2.  Scribes  and  Doctors  of  the  Law 

devising  means  for  his  arrest.  The  costumes 
show  the  long  white  robe,  symbolical  of  purity, 
which  they  "  loved  to  wear  "  2  the  tunic  with  its 
fringe  or  "  border,"  etc. 

3.  Roman  horsemen,  serving  as  a  police 
to  keep  order. 

4.  Zizyphus  Spina  Christi.  A  plant 
common  in  Judaea,  bearing  the  name  of  Christ's 
thorn,  supposed  to  be  that  which  furnished  the 
materials  for  the  thorny  crown  of  our  Lord.  It 
is  very  fit  for  the  purpose,  the  branches  being 
soft,  round  and  pliant,  and  armed  with  small 
sharp  points.3 

5.  Palm-tree. 

6.  Cedars.  The  Rabbins  say  that  there 
were  two  great  cedar  trees  on  Olivet,  under 
which  were  tents  for  the  sale  of  all  matters  con- 
nected with  the  rites  of  purification.4 

7.  Olive  tree.  Anciently  the  mountain 
and  suburbs  were  profusely  covered  with  these 
beautiful  evergreen  trees,  which  resemble  ap- 
ple trees  in  their  general  shape  and  appear- 
ance ;  their  number  is  now  small. 

1  Matt.  21 :  i-io,  Mark  u:  i-io,  etc.    *Marki2: 
38.      »  Kitto  Bib.  Cycl.      *  Kitto  Anc.  Jcr.  p.  1S6. 


Spina  Christi. 


B.     The   Valley   of   Kidron   or 
Jehoshaphat. 

This  valley  begins  about  1  1-2  miles  north  of 
the  city,  and  for  some  distance  is  broad  and 
shallow,  containing  plantations  of  olive  and 
fruit  trees.  Opposite  the  city  it  becomes  nar- 
rower, and  its  bed  rapidly  declines,  until  it 
forms  a  deep  ravine,  from  which  the  hills  rise 
directly  on  either  side.  At  the  south-east  cor- 
ner of  the  temple  area  its  depth  is  about  140 
feet  below  the  surface  at  the  foot  of  the  wall, 
but  formerly  it  was  much  greater,  the  valley 
having  been  partially  filled  and  its  bed  removed 
more  than  100  feet  eastward  by  the  accumula- 
tion of  rubbish  on  the  opposite  slope.1  Fur- 
ther down,  the  valley  is  more  open,  having  on 
its  eastern  side  the  small  village  of  Siloam,  and 
affording  space  for  gardens,  until  it  joins  the 
valley  of  Hinnom  at,  the  ancient  well  of  En 
Rogel,  or  Nehemiah.  Though  called  often  the 
"  Brook  Kidron,"  no  water  flows  there  except 
during  the  heavy  rains  of  winter.  The  name  of 
Jehoshaphat  probably  originated  in  a  literal  in- 
terpretation of  Joel  3:  2,  12,  which  was  assumed 
to  relate  to  this  valley,  and  hence  gave  rise  to 
the  belief  common  alike  to  Jews,  Mohamme- 
dans, and  Catholics  that  the  last  judgment  will 
be  held  here.2 

1  See  D.        *  Rob.  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  269. 


JEKUSALEM   Itf   HER   GRANDEUR. 


17 


8.  The  Garden  of  Gethsemane,  i.  e. 

of  "the  oil-press,"  the  scene  of  our  Lord's 
agony  on  the  night  before  his  crucifixion.  The 
present  garden  is  a  plat  of  ground  nearly  square, 
surrounded  by  an  ordinary  stone-wall  and  con- 
taining eight  very  ancient  olive  trees.  Like 
most  of  the  sacred  localities  fixed  by  tradition, 
the  genuineness  of  the  site  has  been  questioned, 
although  there  can  scarcely  be  any  doubt  that 
its  true  locality  was  somewhere  in  the  near  vi- 
cinity. 

9.  9.  Ruined  Tombs.  The  steep  sides  of 

the  Kidron  are  full  of  rock-cut  tombs,  many  of 
them  of  much  architectural  beauty,  having 
sculptured  facades,  columns,  etc.  Several  of 
them  are  very  ancient  and  are  believed  to  date 
back  to  the  time  of  Christ  or  before. 

10.  The  Peristerion,  mentioned  by  Jose- 
phus1  as  marking  the  place  on  the  hillside  of 
Titus's  wall  of  circumvallation  about  the  city. 
The  word  means  a  "  dove  cote,"  whence,  doubt- 
less, the  idea  that  doves  may  have  been  kept 
there.  It  is  more  probable,  however,  that  it  was 
here  used  to  denote  a  tomb  bearing  that  name 
on  account  of  the  resemblance  of  its  niches  to 
the  holes  of  a  pigeon  house.2 

11.  Fountain  of  the  Virgin,  so  called 
from  the  tradition  that  here  the  mother  of  Jesus 
washed  her  infant's  clothes.3  It  is  not  mention- 
ed in  the  Scriptures  nor  by  Josephus,  unless,  as 
suggested  by  Dr.  Robinson4  it  be  the  "  King's 
Pool"  of  Neh.  2:  14.  It  is  an  excavation, 
25  feet  in  depth  in  the  rock  on  the  western  side 
of  the  valley,  to  which  a  descent  is  made  by 
two  flights  of  steps,  the  basin  within  is  15  feet 
long  by  5  or  6  feet  wide.  A  subterranean  chan- 
nel 1750  feet  in  length  is  cut  from  the  inner  ex- 
tremitv  through  the  rocky  ridge  of  Ophel  to  the 
Pool  of  Siloam  (No.  12.)  through  which  its  wa- 
ters flow  to  the  latter.  This  fountain  is  believ- 
ed to  have  been  one  of  the  springs  without  the 
city  which  were  closed  up  by  king  Hezekiah  at 
the  time  of  Sennecharib's  invasion  to  prevent 
their  supplying  the  enemy  with  water.5  The  chan- 
nel to  Siloam  seems  to  have  been  made  for  the 
purpose  of  bringing  its  waters  within  the  walls  of 
the  city  which  probably  once  inclosed  that 
pool.0  A  second  rock  cut  passage  and  shaft 
has  also  been  recently  discovered,  by  which  ac- 
cess was  had  to  it  from  the  summit  of  Ophel  which 
was  almost  certainly  within  the  ancient  walls. 
Over  the  shaft  there  still  hung  the  iron  ring,  to 
which  the  rope  of  the  bucket  used  for  drawing 
the  water  was  attached." 

1  "War,  v.  12,  2.      2  Smith's  Diet,  of  Gr.  and  Rom. 
Antiq.   p.  561.  3  Quaresimus,  Vol.   II.  p.  290. 

6  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  337.  b2  Chron.  32:  3,  4. 
6  Rob.  Bib.  Res.  Vol  .  I.  p.  340.  7  Recovery  of 
Jer.  p.  186. 


C.    The  Valley  of  Hinnom; 

The  natural  boundary  of  the  city  on  the  west 
and  south.  Its  general  features  are  similar  to 
those  of  the  Kidron ;  beginning  in  a  broad  slop- 
ing basin  at  the  west,  but  growing  narrower  and 
deeper  as  it  descends,  it  sweeps  around  the 
south-western  angle  of  Zion,  and  thence  running 
east  unites  with  the  Kidron,  as  already  describ- 
ed. (See  B)     . 

In  its  lower  portion  it  expands  into  a  fertile 
and  beautiful  intervale  devoted  to  gardens,  call- 
ed in  Josephus,  the  "King's  Gardens."1  It  is 
probable  that  this  was  the  "  valley  of  Shaveh  " 
or  the  "  King's  Dale  "  where  Abraham  had  his 
interview  with  Melchizedek,2  and  where  Absa- 
lom built  the  pillar  called  by  his  name,3  the  lat- 
ter of  which  as  designated  by  tradition  still 
stands  in  Kidron,  some  rods  above.*  This  val- 
ley was  polluted  and  its  name  made  odious  by 
the  erection  within  it  of  altars  to  Baal  and 
Moloch,  the  cruel  heathen  gods,  to  whom  chil- 
dren were  burned  alive  as  sacrifices.5  The  lo- 
cality was  called  "  Tophet  "G  a  word  according 
to  Gesenius  signifying  the  "place  of  burning," 
but  by  the  Rabbins  derived  from  toph,  a  drum, 
which  instrument  was  used  to  drown  the  cries 
of  the  children.7  In  detestation  of  these  bar- 
barities, the  place  was  given  up  to  be  a  recep- 
tacle of  the  filth  and  garbage  of  the  city,  which, 
it  is  said,  were  consumed  by  fires  kep  burning 
day  and  night,  whence  originated  the  imagery 
employed  in  Mark  9  :  44,  etc.,  of  the  "  worm 
that  dieth  not,"  and  the  "  fire  that  is  not  quench- 
ed," and  the  use  of  the  name  itself.  "  Ge  (the 
valley  of)  Hinnom  "  to  designate  hell,  gehenna. 
Here  the  dead  bodies  of  those  slain  in  the  siege 
by  Titus  were  cast,  there  having  been  no  fewer 
than  115,880  carried  thither  out  of  a  single  gate,8 
thus  fulfilling  the  prediction  of  Jer.  19:  11, 
"  They  shall  bury  them  in  Tophet,  till  there  be 
no  place  to  bury,"  and  rightly  fixing  upon  it 
the  name  of  the  "Valley  of  Slaughter."3 

12.  The  Pool  of  Siloam,  called  also 

Sent1''  from  its  waters  having  been  transmitted 
or  sent  from  the  fountain  of  the  Virgin  (see  No. 
11.)  It  consists  of  a  reservoir  53  feet  long  by 
18  wide,  containing  a  copious  supply  of  water, 
the  overflow  of  which  serves  to  irrigate  the  val- 
ley below.  A  curious  fact  pertaining  to  both 
these  pools  is  that  the  flow  of  water  in  them  is 
intermittent,  the  intervals  between  the  rise  and 
ebb  being  irregular  according  to  the  season  of 
the  year,  but  ordinarily  only  of  a  few  hours  du- 
1  Ant.  ix.  10.  4.        -  Gen.  14:17.    s2Sam.iS:iS. 

4  See  No.     5   Modern    Jerusalem.         "Jer.  32:35. 

«Isa.   30:  33.  fKitto's  Bib.  Cycl.  Vol.  III.  p. 

102S.         8Jos.  War  v.  13.7.      "Jer.   7:  32;  19:  6. 

10  John  9 :  7. 


18 


JERUSALEM. 


ration.  Some  think  that  this  gave  rise  to  the 
tradition  related  of  the  Pool  of  Bethesda,  that 
healing  virtues  were  imparted  to  its  waters  at 
certain  seasons  by  the  visit  of  an  angel,  and 
hence  that  one  of  these  may  have  been  the  true 
Bethesda.1 


Pool  of  Siloam. 

13.  Bridge  and  Tower  of  Defense. 

14.  Aceldama,  or  the  Potter's  Field, 
bought  with  Judas's  money  as  a  burial  place  for 
strangers.2  It  was  used  for  that  purpose  till  the 
beginning  of  this  century.  Its  soil  was  long  be- 
lieved to  have  the  power  of  consuming  dead 
bodies  in  the  space  of  twenty-four  hours,  and 
ship-loads  were  carried  away  in  A.  D.  1218  to 
cover  the  famous  cemetery  of  Campo  Santo,  in 
Pisa.3 


D.  Mount  Moriah  and  the  Tem- 
ple. 

The  original  summit  of  Mount  Moriah  afford- 
ed insufficient  space  for  the  temple  which  Solo- 
mon proposed  to  build.  He  therefore  enlarged  it 
by  constructing  massive  walls  on  the  eastern, 
southern  and  western  sides,  varying  in  hight 
according  to  the  nature  of  the  ground,  and  fill- 
ing up  the  inclosed  space  nearly  to  a  level  with 
the  top  of  the  Mount.  The  lower  portions  of 
these  immense  walls  still  remain  in  situ,  as  left 
by  the  hands  of  the  builders,  supporting  the 
modern  walls  which  surround  what  is  called  the 
Haram  or  Sanctuary.  Portions  of  these  ancient 
foundations  are  visible  at  the  south-eastern  cor- 
ner  and   on   the   western   side,  at   the  "Jews' 

'Alfred's  Com.  5th  cd.  Vol.  I.  p.  917.  s  Matt. 
37:  7-10.        '  Rob.  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  255. 


Wailing  Place,"  but  for  the  most  part  they  are 
buried  under  the  rubbish  which  has  accumula- 
ted above  them  in  the  long  lapse  of  3000  years, 
to  a  depth  in  some  places  of  even  eighty  feet.1 
The  stones  of  which  they  were  constructed  are 
of  immense  size,  some  of  them  measuring  30 
feet  long,  by  6  in  breadth  and  hight,  with  beveled 
edges,  and  joints  so  closely  fitting  that  not  even 
a  knife-blade  can  be  inserted  between  them. 
They  were  hewn  and  adjusted  to  each  other  in 
the  quarry,  so  that  in  the  process  of  build- 
ing the  wall  the  sound  of  chisel  or  hammer 
was  not  heard.2  Some  of  them  still  retain  the 
quarry  marks,  in  the  ancient  Phoenician  char- 
acters, placed  there  doubtless  by  the  workmen 
of  Hiram,  king  of  Tyre,3  to  mark  the  positions 
they  were  to  occupy  in  the  wall.4 

The  entire  space  now  included  in  the  Haram 
is  1525  feet  in  length,  by  1038  in  breadth  at  the 
northern  end,  and  916  at  the  southern,  making 
an  area  of  about  36  acres.  There  is  some  un- 
certainty as  to  the  exact  position  of  the  temple 
within  this  inclosure.  It  is  very  probable  that 
in  the  time  of  Christ,  the  northern  portion  of  it 
was  covered  by  the  tower  of  Antonia  and  its 
outworks.  Tradition,  confirmed  by  the  excava- 
tions recently  made,  renders  it  ako  probable 
that  the  southern  portion  was  the  site  of  Solo- 
mon's own  palace,  and  of  the  magnificent  stair- 
case or  "  ascent "  by  which  entrance  to  it  and  to 
the  temple  was  had  from  Mt.  Zion  across  the 
Tyropoeon  valley.5  If  a  space  600  feet  in 
width  be  allowed  for  the  tower  and  300  for  the 
palace,  we  have  remaining  in  the  middle  an  area 
of  about  600  by  900  feet  for  the  original  temple 
of  Solomon,  and  the  great  eastern  cloister 
which,  even  in  the  time  of  Christ,  still  went  by 
the  name  of  Solomon's  porch.  But  the  palace 
having  been  burned  at  the  time  of  the  captivity3 


Antonia. 
900  x  600. 


Temple. 
900  x  600. 


Staircase,  j 


300  x  300. 


Solomon's 

Palace. 
600  x  300. 


iRccov.  of  Jer.  p.  26.         *  1  Kings  6:7.    3  1   King) 
5  :  18.  *  See  the  engraving  p.  s6,\vhere  the  mark^ 

are  drawn   on  the   stones   at  the   base  of   the  wall 
si  Kings    10:  5;     2  Chron.  9:  4;    Neh.  12:  37. 
8  2  Kings  25 :  9. 


JERUSALEM    IN    HER    GRANDEUR. 


19 


the  temple  area  was  extended  by  Herod  over 
the  space  formerly  occupied  by  it,  and  the 
square  corner  at  the  south-western  angle  where 
the  staircase  had  been,  was  filled  out  by  walls 
corresponding  to  those  of  the  southern  and 
western  sides,  constituting  a  complete  square  of 
about  900  feet  on  a  side.  The  annexed  plan  ( Page 
18)  will  show  the  arrangement  as  described.1 

Under  the  south-eastern  corner  of  this  area  is 
a  series  of  vaults  extending.  320  feet  along  the 
southern  wall,  and  reaching  within  northward  to 
different  distances  according  to  the  elevation  of 
the  rocky  floor  beneath.  The  roof  consists  of 
semicircular  arches  resting  upon  15  rows  of 
square  pillars  of  large  beveled  stones  similar  to 
those  in  the  outer  walls.  The  uses  of  these 
vaults  are  unknown.  They  are  now  commonly 
called  "  Solomon's  Stables,"  from  the  belief 
that  here  were  the  4000,  or  according  to  an- 
other account,  the  40,000,  stalls  for  horses 
which  he  is  said  to  have  had,2  an  opinion  not 
wholly  without  weight,  since  the  nearest  gate  in 
the  adjacent  city  wall  was  the  "  Horse  Gate,' 
(No.  36)  "through  which  the  horses  came  into 
the  king's  house."3 

15.  The  Gate  Shushan,  said  in  the  Tal- 
mud to  have  sculptured  upon  it  a  representation 
of  the  palace  in  Shushan,  which  the  Jews  who 
returned  from  Babylon  were  required  to  place 
there,  to  signify  their  submission  to  the  Persian 
authority.4 

16.  The  Bridge  of  the  Red  Heifer, 

extending  from  the  gate  Shushan  across  the 
valley  of  Kidron.  This  bridge  is  not  mentioned 
by  modern  travelers,  but  is  described  in  the 
Mishna,  as  specially  intended  for  use  in  con- 
nection with  the  sacrifice  of  the  red  heifer,  as 
prescribed  in  Num.  19  :  1-10.  The  victim  was 
taken  across  this  bridge  to  the  Mount  of  Olives, 
to  be  burned  "  without  the  camp."  By  the 
same  way,  it  is  said,  the  scape-goat  was  led  forth 
to  the  wilderness.5  The  bridge,  say  the  Rabbins, 
was  "  a  foot  causeway  —  double  arched,  —  one 
arch  upon  two  arches,  so  that  the  foot  of  one 
arch  stood  upon  two  arches  that  were  there  un- 
derneath it."6 

17.  "The  Tower  that  lieth  out." 
Neh.  3:  26. 

18.  The  Triple  Gate,  in  the  southern 
wall,  now  closed.  It  formerly  opened  into  a 
passage  along  the  western  side  of  Solomon's 
Stables,  by  which  it  has  been  suggested  that  the 

1  For  an  account  of  the  discoveries  which  have  led 
to  this  result  and  the  annexed  plan  of  the  Sanctuary- 
area,  see  Recovery  of  Jerusalem  pp,  236-254.  2  2  Chron. 
9:25;    1  Kings  4:  26.         32   Kings  11:  16.  4  Bar- 

clay p.  262.  s  Lev  16:  21.     °  Shekelim  iv.  2;     Bar- 

clay p.  102. 


bullocks  and  other  animals  designed  for  sacri- 
fice were  brought  into  the  temple.1 

19.  The  Double  Gate,  called  in  the  Tal- 
mud the  "  Gate  of  Huldah."  This,  too,  is  now 
closed,  but  within  there  is  an  arched  passage 
northward  258  feet,  opening  by  a  flight  of  steps 
into  the  area  above.2 

20.  20.  The  Porches,  or    Cloisters. 

Around  the  temple  platform,  the  walls,  built 
upon  the  lofty  foundations  beneath,  arose  to  a 
hight  of  about  50  feet,  upon  the  inner  faces  of 
which  were  built  a  series  of  porches,  consisting  of 
colonnades  of  white  marble  pillars  supporting  a 
roof  of  cedar.  On  all  sides  but  the  southern, 
these  colonnades  were  double,  having  two  rows  of 
pillars,  each  37  1-2  feet  high,  wrought  of  a  sin- 
gle stone,  and  highly  ornamented.  The  width 
of  these  porches  was  45  feet.  As  already  stated, 
that  on  the  east  was  called  "Solomon's  porch." 
It  was  a  favorite  place  of  resort  by  the  doc- 
tors in  communicating  their  instructions  to  their 
pupils,  and  Jesus  himself  often  walked  here 
with  his  disciples.3  Here  the  first  Christians 
met  for  prayer,  daily,4  and  here  were  the  tables 
of  the  money-changers,  and  the  seats  of  them 
that  sold  doves,  whom  our  Lord  on  two  different 
occasions  so  indignantly  drove  from  the  temple.5 
The  southern  porch  (upon  the  long  triple  roof 
of  which  the  spectator  is  supposed  to  be  looking 
in  the  picture)  greatly  surpassed  the  others 
in  magnificence.  It  consisted  of  162  Corinthian 
columns  arranged  in  four  rows  constituting  a 
nave  and  two  aisles,  the  former  45  feet  wide, 
and  each  of  the  latter  30  feet.  The  hight  of 
the  aisles  was  50  feet,  and  of  the  nave  100  feet 
The  whole  was  elaborately  wrought  and  pol- 
ished, the  cedar  roofs  adorned  with  carvings, 
and  the  pillars  hung  with  trophies  taken  in  the 
wars  of  Herod.  This  was  called  the  Royal 
Porch —  Stoa  Basilica,  perhaps  from  occu- 
pying the  site  of  the  Royal  Palace  of  Solomon.6 
The  apex  of  this  roof  (a)  is  believed  to  have 
been  the  "  pinnacle  of  the  temple  "  mentioned 
in  the  narrative  of  Christ's  temptation,7  stand- 
ing nearly  250  feet  above  the  ground  below,  or 
over  350  above  the  deep  bed  of  the  Kidron. 

21.  21.   The  Court  of  the  Gentiles, 

comprising  the  space  under  the  cloisters,  and 
the  open  area  adjacent.  All  persons  of  what- 
ever nation  might  enter  here,  and  it  was  the 
common  place  of  resort  not  only  for  religious 
purposes,  but  for  the  hearing  of  news,  the  dis- 
cussion of  public  affairs,  the  transaction  of  bus- 
iness, etc. 

1  Barclay  p.  508.        2  Barclay  p.  4S9.  3  John  10: 

23.        *Acts  3:    11;    5:  12-14.  "  John  2:    13-17; 

Matt.  21  :  12,  13.  ■c  Recov.  of  Jer.  p.  252.  7  Matt- 
4=5- 


20 


JERUSALEM. 


22.  Entrance  to  the  Great  Cistern. 

The  rock  underneath  the  temple  was  excavated 
into  a  great  number  of  cisterns,  in  which  the 
water  brought  by  Solomon's  aqueduct  from  the 
pools  south  of  Bethlehem  was  stored.  One  of 
these,  known  as  the  Great  Sea,  would  contain 
two  millions  of  gallons,  and  it  is  estimated  that 
the  whole  together  had  a  capacity  of  five  times 
that  amount.  The  cisterns  were  apparently  so 
connected  by  subterranean  channels,  that  when 
one  was  full  the  surplus  waters  flowed  to  the 
next,  and  so  on  till  the  final  overflow  was  car- 
ried off  into  the  Tyropceon  or  the  Kidron.1 

23.  The  Soreg,  called  by  the  apostle 
Paul  "  the  middle  wall  of  partition,"2  consisting 
of  a  stone  balustrade  41-2  feet  high,  surmount- 
ed at  intervals  by  pillars  bearing  inscriptions  in 
Greek  and  Latin  forbidding  all  foreigners  pass- 
ing that  boundary  on  pain  of  death.3 

24.  The  Chel,  a  platform  15  feet  wide,  to 
which  was  an  ascent  by  a  flight  of  14  steps.  On 
the  eastern  side  this  was  lower,  there  being  but 
five  steps  in  the  ascent. 

25.  "Walls  and  Apartments,  surround- 
ing the  inner  court.  These  apartments  alter- 
nated with  massive  gates,  each  of  which  was 
adorned  with  two  columns  of  marble,  6  feet  in 
diameter  ;  the  folding  doors  of  the  gates  were 
each  45  feet  high  by  22  1-2  wide,  and  were 
plated  with  gold  and.  silver.  There  were  four 
of  these  gates  on  the  northern  and  southern 
sides,  each,  and  one  on  the  cast.  Those  on  the 
south  were  known  respectively,  beginning  on 
the  west,  as  the  "  Gate  of  Kindlings,"  through 
which  wood  was  brought  in,  the  "  Gate  of  the 
Firstlings,"  through  which  the  first  born  of  ani- 
mals were  introduced  for  sacrifice,  the  "  Water 
Gate,"  leading  down  to  the  entrance  of  the  great 
cistern,  and  the  "  Women's  Gate,"  opening  into 
the  court  of  the  women.  The  corresponding 
gates  on  the  north  side  were  the  "Gate  of 
Song,"  the  "Gate  Nitzouts,"  the  "Gate  of 
Corban,"  or  offerings,  and  the  "  Women's  Gate." 
The  apartments  between  were  devoted  to  va- 
rious uses  connected  with  the  daily  service,  such 
as  bathing,  storing  of  wood,  salt,  culinary  uten- 
sils, musical  instruments,  &c  One  of  them 
called  "  Gazith,"  was  for  a  considerable  time 
the  session  room  of  the  Sanhedrim,  or  great 
council. 

26.  The  Court  of  the  Women,  assigned 
as  the  place  of  worship  for  women,  and  other 
persons  who  came  to  engage  in  private  devo- 
tion. In  the  corners  of  this  court  were  apart- 
ments for  the  cure  of  lepers,  for  the  use  of  the 
Nazaritcs  or  persons  under  a  vow,4  and  for  the 

1  Rccov.  of  Jcr.  p.  14.  2  Eph.  2:14.  sJos. 
War,  v.  5.  2;  vi.2.4.      *  Acts  21 :  23-26. 


storage  of  wood  and  oil.  In  this  court  also,  on 
each  side  of  the  Beautiful  Gate,  were  seven 
trumpet  shaped  boxes  for  the  reception  of  alms, 
called  the  "  treasury,"  where  the  poor  widow 
cast  in  her  two  mites  and  the  rich  cast  in  much.1 

27.  The  Beautiful  Gate,  so  called  from 

the  magnificence  of  its  ornaments,  and  especial- 
ly from  its  two  massive  gates  of  Corinthian 
brass,  each  75  feet  high  and  30  wide,  and  so 
heavy  that  it  required  20  men  to  move  them 
upon  their  hinges.2  It  was  at  this  gate  that  the 
lame  man  was  healed  by  Peter  and  John.3 

28.  The  Gate  Nicanor.  The  semicircu- 
lar steps  leading  to  this  gate  were  a  favorite 
place  of  prayer,  and  here  it  was  that  the  Phari- 
see in  the  parable  stood  and  thanked  God  for 
his  own  rightousness.4  Here,  also,  it  is  supposed 
the  Levites  stood  when  they  chanted  the 
"  Psalms  of  Degrees,"  (Ps.  120-134)  at  the  Feast 
of  Tabernacles. 

29.  29.  The  Court  of  Israel,  where  the 
male  Jews  assembled  for  worship  at  the  daily 
morning  and  evening  sacrifice,  on  the  Sabbaths, 
etc.  It  was  surrounded  by  porticos,  like  the 
outer  court. 

30.  The  Thrigeos,  a  low  barrier  sep- 
arating the  court  of  Israel  from  the  court  of 
the  priests.5 

31.  The  Great  Altar  of  Sacrifice,  48 

feet  square  and  15  feet  high,  with  a  sloping  as- 
cent on  the  southern  side.  On  the  north  were 
rings  and  stakes  in  the  pavement  to  which  the 
victims  were  tied,  and  near  the  south-west  an- 
gle a  channel  through  the  rock  by  which  the 
blood  flowed  down  toward  Siloam.6 

32.  The  Sanctuary,  or  Temple  proper. 
This  was  an  edifice  of  white  marble  150  feet  in 
hight  and  length,  and  90  in  breadth,  with 
wings,  or  as  Josephus  styles  them,  "  shoulders,"7 
projecting  30  feet  on  each  side,  making  the  en- 
tire width  the  same  as  the  length  and  hight.8 
Upon  its  sides,  also,  were  suites  of  chambers  in 
three  stories  reaching  to  about  half  the  hight 
of  the  main  building,  which,  with  the  similar 
rooms  in  the  wings,  were  apartments  for  the  use 
of  the  priests  during  their  courses  of  service  in 
the  sanctuary,  and  may  have  suggested  the  lan- 
guage of  our  Lord  in  reference  to  the  heavenly 
temple,  "  In  my  Father's  house  arc  many 
mansions"  (Greek,  monai,  abiding  places,)  — 
"  I  go  to  prepare  a  place  for  you."9  In  the 
eastern  front  was  a  lofty  doorway  opening  into 
a  vestibule   or  "  porch."10     Over  this  doorway 

1  Mark  12:  41.  2Jos.  War,  vi.  5,  3.  »  Acts 
3:  1-10.  *  Luke   lS:   10-14.        B  Barclay    p.    2S5. 

"Smith's  Bib.  Die.  Vol.  III.  p.  1463.  7  Jos.  War, 
v.  5,  3.  »Comparc  Rev.  21:  16.  *John  14:  2. 
10Ezek.8.  16  ;    Joel  2:  17. 


JEKUSALEM  IN  HER  GRANDEUR. 


21 


was  wreathed  a  colossal  golden  vine,  from  which 
hung  clusters  of  grapes  as  tall  as  a  man.1  This 
was  designed  as  a  symbol  of  the  Hebrew  na- 
tion, the  vine  brought  out  of  Egypt.2  The  first 
room  entered  from  the  porch  was  the  "  Holy 
Place,"  30  feet  wide  and  high  and  60  feet  long, 
having  on  the  north  side  the  table  of  shew- 
brcad,  on  the  west  the  altar  of  incense,  and  on 
the  south  the  golden  candlestick  Beyond  this, 
and  separated  from  it  by  the  richly  embroidered 
curtain  called  the  "veil  of  the  temple,"  was  the 
"  Most  Holy  Place,"  an  apartment  30  feet  in  di- 
mensions each  way.  In  the  temple  of  Solomon 
the  sacred  ark  and  its  contents  were  deposited 
here,  but  these  having  been  lost  at  the  captiv- 
ity were  never  replaced,  and  the  room  thereafter 
remained  empty.  Into  this  apartment  the  high 
priest  entered  once  a  year  to  make  atonement 
for  the  people.3  The  whole  building  was  pro- 
fusely ornamented  with  gold,  and  the  roof 
thickly  set  with  golden  spikes,  to  prevent  the 
birds  from  lighting  upon  it  and  defiling  it.4  It 
was  to  these  ornaments  that  the  proverb  of  the 
Jews  referred,  which  Christ  so  severely  con- 
demned :  "  Whosoever  shall  swear  by  the  tem- 
ple, it  is  nothing ;  but  whosoever  shall  swear 
by  the  gold  of  the  temple,  he  is  a  debtor."5 

33.  The  Pastophoria ;  a  lofty  watch- 
tower,  from  which  a  priest  with  a  trumpet  an- 
nounced the  exact  moment  when  the  Sabbath 
began  and  ended.0 

34.  The  Gate   Shallecheth,  opening 

from  the  bridge  into  the  royal  cloister.7 

35.  The  Tyropoeon  Bridge.  From 
the  time  of  Solomon  there  appears  to  have 
been  a  passage  way  at  this  point  across  the 
valley,  leading  from  Mount  Zion  to  the  temple. 
In  the  recent  excavations  made  here  by  Capt. 
Warren,  he  discovered,  at  a  depth  of  70 
feet  beneath  the  present  surface,  a  water  chan- 
nel 12  feet  deep,  cut  in  the  rock,  running  north 
and  south,  upon  which  rested  the  remains  of  a 
bridge,  one  of  whose  massive  stones  had,  in 
falling,  broken  through  the  arch  of  the  channel. 
This  he  believes  to  have  been  the  work  of  Solo- 
mon, affording  a  passage  from  Zion  to  the 
great  staircase  already  mentioned  (See  D),  as- 
cending to  the  temple  and  palace  of  that  mon- 
arch. This  bridge  having  been  destroyed, 
probably  at  the  Babylonian  captivity,  the  ruins 
were  covered  and  the  valley  gradually  filled  up 
with  rubbish  to  the  hight  of  23  feet.  Here,  48 
feet  below  the  present  surface,  a  pavement  was 
discovered  running  up  and  down  the  valley,  be- 

1  Jos.  War,  v.  5,  4.  2  Ps.  So:  8;  Jer.  2  :  21.  'Ex. 
30 :  10  J  Ilcb.  9:7.*  Jos.  War,  v.  5.  6.  E  Matt.  23 :  16. 
8  Jos.  War,  iv.  9.12.        '1  Chron.  26:   16. 


longing  probably  to  the  ancient  Xystus,  ( No.  48) 
also  the  foundations  of  a  massive  pier,  at  a  dis- 
tance of  41J  feet  from  the  temple  wall,  with  the 
voussoirs  or  wedge-like  stones  of  an  arch  still 
lying  on  the  pavement  beneath.  Dr.  Robinson 
had  already,  in  1838,  observed  the  remains  of 
this  arch  in  the  temple  wall  opposite,  consisting 
of  two  or  three  courses  of  large  stones  pro- 
jecting from  the  face  of  the  wall,  and  suggested 
that  they  belonged  to  the  bridge  so  often  men- 
tioned by  Joscphus  as  existing  in  the  time  of 
Herod,1  a  suggestion  amply  confirmed  by  the 
discoveries  of  Capt.  Warren.  Other  arches, 
extending  from  the  pier  westward  to  the  slope 
of  Zion,  doubtless  completed  the  bridge ;  but 
no  traces  of  these  are  now  discernible.  This 
passage  between  the  temple  and  the  Upper 
City  was  of  great  military  importance,  it  being 
often  broken  down  in  the  sieges  to  which  the 
latter  was  subject,  to  prevent  the  access  of  an 
enemy  to  the  stronghold  above.  It  has  not 
probably,  been  rebuilt  since  the  destruction  of 
the  city  by  Titus. 


■UA  4°| 


Discoveries  in  the  Tyropoeon  Valley. 

We  take  pleasure  in  introducing  a  sketch  of  these 
discoveries  from  the  original  drawing  of  Capt.  War- 
ren, furnished  through  the  kindness  of  Prof.  Mitchell 
of  Chicago.  —  1.  The  Sanctuary  Wall.  —  z.  Water 
channel  in  the  ancient  bed  of  the  valley. —  3.  A  stone 
from  Solomon's  bridge,  broken  through  the  arch  of 
the  channel.  —  4.  Pavement  of  the  time  of  Herod. — 
5.  Fallen  voussoirs  of  the  later  bridge,  lying  upon 
the  pavement. —  6.  Pier  of  the  bridge.  —  7.  Shaft  and 
sloping  gallery  excavated  by  Capt.  Warren.  —  S.  8. 
Present  surface  of  the  ground  in  the  valley.  —  9.  Re- 
mains of  the  arch  in  the  Sanctuary  wall.  —  10.  Level 
of  the  temple  area. 

1Jos.   Ant.  adv.  4:  2;  War,  i.   7,2;    vi.  6.  a. 


22 


JERUSALEM. 


E.     Ophel. 

That  part  of  Mount  Moriah  which  lay  south 
of  the  temple,  descending  in  a  steep  rocky  point 
to  the  junction  of  the  Kidron  and  Tyropceon 
Valleys.  It  was  specially  distinguished  by  the 
strong  walls  and  towers  built  upon  it  by  kings 
Jotham  and  Manasseh,1  the  massive  foundations 
of  which,  deeply  buried  beneath  the  ground, 
have  been  discovered  in  the  recent  excavations.2 

36.  Tho  Horse  Gate.  Here  the  cruel 
and  impious  queen  Athaliah  was  slain.3 

37.  The  Royal  Stables.* 

38.  Gate  of  the  Sun,  or  East  Gate.5 

Barclay  suggests  that  it  gave  exit  to  Hinnom  or 
Tophet,  where  the  brazen  idol  of  Moloch  or 
Baal  was  worshiped,  from  which,  perhaps, 
it  was  called  "  Sun-Gate,"  after  Baal,  the  god 
of  the  sun.c 

39.  The  Tower  of  Ophel,  built  by 
King  Manasseh." 

40.  The  Water  Gate,  leading  down  to 
the  Pool  of  Siloam.  (No.  I2)s 

41.  House  of  the  King's  Chamber- 
lain, near  which  were  kept  the  horses  which 
had  been  dedicated  to  the  honor  of  Baal.9 

42.  The    House  of  Asuppim.     The 

word  signifies  "gatherings,"  and  is  believed  to 
designate  the  store  house  of  the  tithes  collected 
for  the  support  of  the  Levites.10  In  Neh.  12  : 
25,  it  is  translated  "thresholds." 

43.  Dwellings    of  the   Nethinim.11 

These  were  the  menial  servants  allotted  to  the 
use  of  the  temple  and  its  services.  They  were 
the  descendants  of  the  Gibeonites,  who  for  their 
treachery  were  doomed  by  Joshua  to  be  "  hew- 
ers of  wood  and  drawers  of  water  forever."12 

44.  The  "  Gate  between  two  Walls," 

viz.,  that  of  Ophel  on  the  east  and  that  of  Zion 
on  the  west,  in  the  bed  of  the  Tyropceon  Val- 
ley. Through  this  gate  king  Zedekiah  and  his 
soldiers  attempted  to  escape  at  the  capture  of 
the  city  by  Nebuchadnezzar,  but  were  pursued 
and  overtaken  in  the  plain  of  Jericho.13 


F.  Mount  Zion. 

The  word  Zion,  according  to  Gesenius,  signi- 
fies a  "sunny  place,"  and  was  doubtless  design- 
ed to  describe  the  elevated  and  open  situation 

1  2  Chron .  27  :  3 ;  33  :  14.  1  Recov.  of  Jer.  pp.  223-232 
»;s  Kin-s  11  :  16;  3  Chron.  23  :  15.  «  2  Chron.  9:  25; 
Jos.  Ant.  ix:  7.  3.  See  also  above  D.  *Jer.  19: 
2.  'Barclay  p.  159.  7  2  Chron.  33  :  14.  •  Neh.  3  =26; 
12:37.  B3  Kings  23:  11.  10  j  Chron.  26:  15,17. 
"Neh.  11:21.    "Josh  9 127.     "  3  Kings  25  :  4,  5. 


of  this  highest  of  the  hills  constituting  the  site 
of  Jerusalem.  Its  shape  is  nearly  that  of  an 
oblong  parallelogram,  with  the  surface  gently 
sloping  to  the  east.  Its  sides  are  more  precipi- 
tous than  those  of  any  other  portion,  fitting  it 
naturally  for  a  fortress,  or  military  stronghold, 
which  it  has  been  from  the  earliest  times.  The 
name  Zion  is  not  used  by  Josephus,  who  desig- 
nates it  the  "  City  of  David,"  the  "  Upper  City," 
and  the  "Upper Market  Place."  Ferguson  and 
some  others  believe  that  the  ancient  Zion  was 
the  modern  Akra,  comprising  the  entire  hill 
lying  north  and  east  of  the  present  Zion, — 
"  the  hill  on  which  the  temple,  the  City  of  David, 
Baris,  Akra,  and  Antonia  stood,"1  but  the  weight 
of  authority  is  in  favor  of  the  more  common  view 
which  we  have  given.2 

45.  The  Armory,  or  House  of  the 
Forest  Of  Lebanon,  built  by  Solomon,3 
"  at  the  turning  of  the  wall  "4  1.  e.  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  Zion,  where  the  wall  along  its 
northern  brow  turned  southward  by  the  side  of 
the  Tyropceon,  opposite  the  temple.  It  seems 
to  have  been  the  arsenal  where  arms  were 
stored.5  Possibly  it  may  have  been  the  build- 
ing called  in  Sol.  Song  4:4,  "  the  tower  of 
David  builded  for  an  armory,  whereon  there 
hang  a  thousand  bucklers  all  shields  of  mighty 
men,"  to  which  Solomon  likens  his  bride, 
adorned  with  a  circlet  of  golden  coins  around 
her  neck,  as  is  practiced  among  oriental  ladies 
to  this  day.6 

46.  Great    Mound    or   Causeway, 

upon  which  the  aqueduct  of  Solomon  was  car- 
ried across  the  Tyropceon  Valley  to  the  tem- 
ple, also  a  street  leading  to  one  of  the  tem- 
ple gates.  The  late  explorations  show  that  it 
was  built  over  a  double  row  of  arches,  of  which 
the  largest  is  now  called  from  the  discoverer, 
"  Wilson's  Arch."  At  the  present  time  the 
street  of  David,  leading  down  from  the  Jaffa, 
or  ancient  "Valley  Gate"  (No.  65)  runs  along 
the  causeway,  and  beneath  the  street  is  a 
secret  subterranean  passage,  probably  once  con- 
necting the  temple  with  the  citadel  of  Zion.7 
It  is  possible  that  this  fortified  mound  may 
have  been  a  part  of  the  extensive  works 
which  Solomon  constructed  in  this  quarter, 
under  the  name  of  "  Millo."8  The  significa- 
tion of  the  word  is  "  a  filling,"  and  it  is  gen- 
erally taken  to  denote  an  embankment,  serving, 
perhaps,  the  double  purpose  of  affording  a 
transit  across  the  deep  valley  and  of  strength- 

1  Smith's  Bib.  Die.  Vol.  I.  p.  1025.  *  See  a  full 
discussion  of  this  subject  by  Dr.  Robinson  in  Bib. 
Sac.  Vol.  III.  pp.  417-43S.  *  1  Kings  10:  17.  *  Neh. 
3:  19.  B  Isa.  22  :S.  °  Barclay  164.  *  Recov.  Jer.  p. 
69.   *  3  Sam.  5:  9;  1  Kings  9:  15,  24;  11 :  27. 


JERUSALEM   IN   HEK   GRANDEUR. 


23 


ening  the  defenses  of  the  Upper   City.     The 
whole  subject  is,  however,  very  obscure.1 

47.  Palace  of  the  Maccabean 
Kings,  and  afterward  of  Herod 
Agrippa.  "  King  Agrippa  built  himself  a 
very  large  dining-room  in  the  royal  palace  at 
Jerusalem,  near  the  portico.  Now  this  palace 
had  been  erected  of  old  by  the  children  of  Asa- 
monaeus,  and  was  situated  upon  an  elevation, 
and  afforded  a  most  delightful  prospect  to  those 
that  had  a  mind  to  take  a  view  of  the  city, 
which  prospect  was  desired  by  the  king,  and 
there  he  could  lie  down  and  eat,  and  thence 
observe  what  was  done  in  the  temple  ;  which 
thing  when  the  chief  men  of  Jerusalem  saw, 
they  were  very  much  displeased  at  it ;  for  it 
was  not  agreeable  to  the  institutions  of  our 
country  or  law  that  what  was  done  in  the  tem- 
ple should  be  viewed  by  others,  especially  what 
belonged  to  the  sacrifices.  They  therefore 
erected  a  wall  upon  the  uppermost  building 
which  belonged  to  the  inner  court  of  the  tem- 
ple toward  the  west,  which  wall,  when  it  was 
built,  did  not  only  intercept  the  prospect  of  the 
dining-room  in  the  palace,  but  also  of  the  west- 
ern cloisters  that  belonged  to  the  outer  court 
of  the  temple,  where  it  was  that  the  Romans 
kept  guards  for  the  temple  at  the  festivals.  At 
these  things  both  king  Agrippa,  and  principally 
Festus,  the  procurator,  were  much  displeased  ; 
and  Festus  ordered  them  to  pull  the  wall  down 
again."  The  Jews  refused,  and  the  dispute 
was  referred  to  the  Emperor  Nero,  who  at  the 
intercession  of  his  wife  Poppaea  decided  in  their 
favor,  and  permitted  the  wall  to  remain.2 

48.  The  XystUS,  a  covered  colonnade 
constructed  in  the  time  of  Antiochus  Epiph- 
anes,  by  the  dissolute  high  priest  Jason,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  gymnasium  for 
athletic  exercises  and  sports,  after  the  manner 
of  the  Greeks.3  In  the  time  of  Christ  it  was 
the  customary  place  of  public  gatherings  among 
the  Jews.  Here,  probably,  the  multitude  ran 
together  on  the  day  of  pentecost,  when  Peter 
addressed  to  them  his  discourse,  and  three 
thousand  were  converted.4  Here  King  Agrippa 
in  an  elaborate  and  eloquent  oration  dissuaded 
the  Jews  from  making  war  against  the  Romans, 
while  his  sister  Berenice  appeared  at  a  window 
in  the  palace  above.5  Here  Titus  made  his 
last  appeal  to  them  to  surrender,  standing  on 
the  western  cloister  of  the  temple.0  The  recent 
discoveries  of  Capt.  Warren  make  it  probable 
that  the  location  of  the  Xystus  was  nearer  the 
Sanctuary  wall,   in  the   Tyropceon  Valley,  ex- 

i  Smith's  Die.  Vol.  II.  p.  366.  2  Jos.  Ant.  xx.  8.  4. 
8  3  Mace.  4:9-12.  *Acts.  2.  BJos.War,  ii.  16.  3. 
6  Ibid  vi.  6.  3. 


tending  from  the  great   mound   southward   to 
the  bridge.1 

49.  The  Gate  Miphkad,  at  the  western 
entrance  to  the  bridge.2  It  is  probably  identi- 
cal with  the  "  High  Gate  of  Benjamin,  which 
was  by  the  house  of  the  Lord,"  where  the 
prophet  Jeremiah  was  put  in  the  stocks  for 
prophesying  the  approaching  captivity  of  the 
city.3  The  adjacent  tower  on  the  north  may 
have  been  "  the  king's  high  house,"  used  as  a 
prison,4  in  the  court  before  which  Jeremiah 
was  confined  during  the  siege  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar.5 

50.  The  House  of  the  Mighty,  sup- 
posed to  be  the  head-quarters  of  the  Chereth- 
ites,  Pelethites,  and  others,  composing  the 
king's  body  guard.6 

51..  Gate  of  the  Fountain,  with  stairs 

leading  from  Zion  down  to  Siloam.7 

52.  The  Tower  of  Siloam,  which  once 

fell  and  killed  18  persons.8 

53.  The  Great  Aqueduct  of  Solo- 
mon. It  is  seen  also  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  valley,  passing  westward  and  northward 
along  the  hillside,  and  having  crossed  the  val- 
ley returning  along  the  brow  of  Zion,  and  en- 
tering the  city  at  this  point,  from  whence  it 
passes  northward  beyond  the  palace  of  Agrippa, 
and  crosses  upon  the  great  mound  (No.  46)  to 
the  temple  area.  This  was  one  of  the  chief 
sources  of  supply  for  water  to  Jerusalem,  con- 
necting with  Solomon's  Pools,  about  eight 
miles  south  of  the  city,  between  Bethlehem  and 
Hebron.  These  pools  are  vast  reservoirs  ex- 
cavated on  the  side  of  the  valley,  and  lined 
with  solid  masonry.  They  are  three  in  number, 
varying  from  400  to  600  feet  in  length,  from 
160  to  250  feet  in  breadth,  and  from  25  to 
50  feet  in  depth.  The  principal  fountain  is  a 
narrow  well,  in  which  at  a  depth  of  12  feet 
are  vaulted  rooms,  where  the  waters  are  col- 
lected, and  carried  thence  by  a  subterranean 
passage  to  the  pools.  Numerous  gardens 
flourish  in  the  valley.  It  is  believed  that  these 
are  the  pools  and  gardens  described  by  Solo- 
mon in  Eccl.  2 :  5,  6,  and  referred  to  in  the 
beautiful  simile  applied  to  his  bride  in  Cant.  4 : 
12  ;  the  fountain  still  bearing  the  name  of  fons 
inclusus,  or  "  sealed  fountain."  Joscphus9  says 
that  Solomon  was  in  the  habit  of  riding  thither 
in  the  morning,  sitting  on  high  in  his  chariot, 
clad  in  a  white  robe,  and  surrounded  by  his 
guards  of  young  men  on  horseback,  in  splendid 
armor.     The  aqueduct  is  of  stone,  or  in  many 

1  Rec.  of  Jer.  p.  77.  *Nch.  3:  31.  sjer.2o:2. 
*Neh.  3:25.  e  Jer.  32:  2,  12  ;  37:  21.  «Neh.  3:16; 
2Chion.  12:  10,  11;  2  Kings  11:  19.  7Neh.3:i5. 
•Luke  13:4.    9  Ant.  viii.  7.  3. 


24 


JERUSALEM. 


places,  earthern  pipes  inclosed  in  stone,  and 
though  now  in  ruins  near  Jerusalem,  still  brings 
water  to  Bethlehem,  and  with  little  labor  and 
expense  might  easily  be  made  to  supply  the  city 
as  of  old.1  This  aqueduct  was  repaired  by 
Pilate  the  Roman  governor,  who  appropriated 
for  the  purpose  a  portion  of  the  sacred  treasure 
called  "  corban,"2  which  caused  great  discon- 
tent among  the  people,  and  but  for  his  summary 
repression  would  have  ripened  into  open  re- 
volt.3 

54.  The  Gate  of  the  Essenes.4  This 

may  have  been  the  same  with  the  dung-gate 
mentioned  in  Neh.  3  :  14. 

55.  Theater   and  Baths  of  the  Upper 

City.  (See  No.  83) 

56.  House  of  Annas,  the  high  priest, 

the  ancient  residence  of  the  high  priests  from 
the  time  of  Eliashib  at  the  return  from  the 
captivity.5 

57.  The  Upper  Market.6 

58.  Palace   of  Caiaphas,  the  high 

priest.7  Here  Jesus  was  brought,  bound,  be- 
fore the  great  council,  who  were  assembled  late 
at  night  for  a  preliminary  investigation  of  his 
case,  and  from  thence  was  taken  to  the  formal 
session  of  the  same  body  in  the  morning.8  It 
was  during  this  preliminary  trial  that  Peter 
thrice  denied  his  Lord.  The  site  of  the  palace 
is  wholly  traditional,  and  the  building  now 
shown  as  such  is  an  Armenian  convent.9  The 
column  to  which  Christ  was  bound  when 
scourged  was  formerly  exhibited  here,  but  is 
now  removed  to  the  church  of  the  sepulcher. 

59.  The  Tomb  of  David,  so  called, 
esteemed  by  the  Mohammedans  as  the  most 
sacred  place  in  Jerusalem.  David  and  his 
royal  successors  were  buried  on  Mount  Zion ; 
and  his  sepulcher  was  still  existing  in  the  time 
of  the  Apostles.10  Vast  treasures  were  said  to 
have  been  buried  with  him,  which  were  in  part 
plundered  by  Hyrcanus.  Herod  attempted  to 
do  the  same,  but  a  fire  bursting  out  of  the  cav- 
ern drove  him  back,  and  in  his  terror  he  built  a 
beautiful  monument  of  marble  as  a  propitiation 
for  the  sacrilege.11  The  upper  portion  of  the 
building  now  connected  with  the  tomb  is  said 
to  contain  the  "  Ccenaculum  "  or  '•  upper  room  " 
where  Christ  instituted  the  Holy  Supper,  and 
where  the  disciples  were  met  for  prayer  on  the 
morning  of  the  pentecost.1- 

60.  The  Palace  of  Herod.  Josephus 
gives  the  following  description  of  this  palace  : 
"  It  was  so  very  curious  as  to  want  no  cost  nor 

1  Robinson's  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  347.  »  Markyin. 
•Jos.  War.  ii. 9.  4.  «  Jos.  War,  v.  4.  2.  sNch.  3:21. 
•  Barclay  p.  175.  'Luke  22:54.  "Matt.  27:  1.  "Bib. 
Res.  Vol.  I.  265.  ,0  Acts  2:  29.  "  Jos.  Ant.  xvi.. 
7.1.    "  Mark  4:  15;  Acts  1  :  13. 


snill  in  its  construction,  but  was  entirely  walled 
about  to  the  hight  of  thirty  cubits,  and  was 
adorned  with  towers  at  equal  distances  and 
with  large  bed  chambers  that  would  contain 
beds  for  a  hundred  guests  apiece,  in  which  the 
variety  of  stones  is  not  to  be  expressed  ;  for  a 
large  quantity  of  those  that  were  rare  of  that 
kind  was  collected  together.  Their  roofs  also 
were  wonderful,  both  for  the  length  of  their 
beams  and  the  splendor  of  their  ornaments. 
The  number  of  the  rooms  was  also  very  great, 
and  the  variety  of  the  figures  that  were  about 
them  was  prodigious  ;  their  furniture  was  com- 
plete, and  the  greatest  part  of  the  vessels  that 
were  put  in  them  was  of  silver  and  gold. 
There,  were,  besides,  many  porticos,  one  be- 
yond another,  round  about,  and  in  each  of  these 
porticos  curious  pillars;  yet  were  all  the 
courts  that  were  exposed  to  the  air  every  where 
green.  There  were,  moreover,  several  groves 
of  trees,  and  long  walks  through  them,  with 
deep  canals  and  cisterns,  that  in  several  parts 
were  filled  with  brazen  statues,  through  which 
the  water  ran  out.  There  were,  withal,  many 
dove-cotes  of  tame  pigeons  about  the  canals. 
But,  indeed,  it  is  not  possible  to  give  a  complete 
description  of  these  palaces,  and  the  very  re- 
membrance is  a  torment  to  one,  as  putting  in 
mind  what  vastly  rich  buildings  that  fire  which 
was  kindled  by  the  robbers  hath  qonsumed."1 

Herod  died  the  very  year  of  Christ's  birth, 
one  of  his  last  acts  having  been  the  murder  of 
the  children  of  Bethlehem,  with  the  intent  of 
slaying  Jesus.  It  was  his  son,  Herod  Antipas, 
tetrarch  of  Galilee,2  to  whom  our  Saviour  was 
sent,  by  Pilate,  just  before  the  crucifixion.  At 
that  time  he  was  present  at  Jerusalem,  probably 
at  the  palace  of  his  father.  By  him  Jesus  was 
mocked  and  set  at  naught,  and  afterward  sent 
back  to  Pilate.3 

61.  62.  63.  The  Towers  of  Hippi- 
cus,  Phasaelus,  and  Mariamne.  "  These 

were  for  largeness,  beauty,  and  strength,  beyond 
all  that  were  in  the  habitable  earth.  For  be- 
sides the  magnanimity  of  his  nature,  and  his 
magnificence  toward  the  city  on  other  occasions, 
Herod  built  these  after  such  an  extraordinary 
manner  to  gratify  his  own  private  affections, 
and  dedicated  these  towers  to  the  memory  of 
those  three  persons  who  had  been  dearest  to 
him,  and  from  whom  he  had  named  them. 
They  were  his  brother,  his  friend,  and  his  wife. 
This  wife  he  had  slain  out  of  his  love  and  jeal- 
ousy ;  the  other  two  he  had  lost  in  war  as  they 
were  courageously  fighting.  IlippicusCNo.  61), 
so  named  from  his  friend,  was  square  ;  its  length 
and  breadth  were  each  25  cubits,  and  its  hight 
1  War,  v.4.  4.    'Luke  3:1.    »  Luke  23  :  7-11. 


JERUSALEM  IN  HER  GRANDEUR. 


25 


30 ;  and  it  had  no  vacuity  in  it  Over  this  solid 
foundation,  which  was  composed  of  great  stones 
united  together,  there  was  a  cistern  20  cubits 
deep,  over  which  there  was  a  house  of  two  sto- 
ries, whose  hight  was  25  cubits,  and  divided 
into  several  parts,  over  which  were  battlements 
of  two  cubits,  and  turrets  all  around  of  three 
cubits  hight,  insomuch  that  the  entire  hight 
added  together  amounted  to  fourscore  cubits. 

"  The  second  tower,  which  he  named  from 
his  brother  Phascelus  (No  62),  had  its  breadth 
and  hight  equal,  each  of  them  40  cubits ;  over 
which  was  its  solid  hight  of  40  cubits ;  over 
which  a  cloister  went  round  about  whose  hight 
was  10  cubits,  and  it  was  covered  from  enemies 
by  breastworks  and  bulwarks.  There  was  also 
built  over  that  cloister  another  tower,  parted  into 
magnificent  rooms,  and  a  place  for  bathing,  so 
that  this  tower  wanted  nothing  that  might  make 
it  appear  to  be  a  royal  palace.  It  was  also 
adorned  with  battlements  and  turrets  more 
than  was  the  foregoing,  and  its  entire  altitude 
was  about  90  cubits. 

"The  third  tower  was  Mariamne  (No.  63),  for 
that  was  his  queen's  name.  It  was  solid  as 
high  as  20  cubits  ;  its  breadth  and  its  length 
were  20  cubits,  and  were  equal  to  each  other. 
Its  upper  buildings  were  more  magnificent  and 
had  greater  variety  than  the  other  towers  had, 
for  the  king  thought  it  most  proper  for  him  to 
adorn  that  which  was  denominated  from  his 
wife  better  than  those  denominated  from  men, 
as  those  were  built  stronger  than  this  that 
bore  his  wife's  name.  The  entire  hight  of  this 
tower  was  50  cubits."1 

These  three  towers  alone,  of  all  the  buildings 
of  the  city,  were  spared  by  Titus  after  the  siege 
"  in  order  to  demonstrate  to  posterity  what  kind 
of  city  it  was,  and  how  well  fortified,  which  the 
Roman  valor  had  subdued."2 

64.  The  Gate  Gennath,  or  the  "Gar- 
den Gate  "  in  the  wall  of  Zion,  leading  from 
Herod's  palace,  probably  without  the  city.3  The 
second  wall  of  the  city  began  at  this  gate.4 


G.     Akra,  and  the   Lower  City. 

The  name  Akra  was  doubtless  derived  from 
the  citadel  which  stood  on  a  summit  over 
against  the  temple  (Sec  No.  87)  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  the  low,  broad  hill,  which  comes 
down  from  the  northwest,  dividing  the  sources 
of  the  two  valleys,  Hinnom  and  Kidron.  With- 
in the  city  it  is  separated  from  Mount  Zion  by 
the  Tyropceon  Valley,  leading  from  the  Jaffa 
Gate  (No.  65)  and  from  Bezetha  on  the  north- 

1  Jos.  War,  v.  4.  3.  *Ib.vii.  1.  1.  s  Bib.  Res.  Vol. 
III.  p.  213.    *Jos.   War,  v.  4.2. 


east,  by  the  shallow  depression  descending  from 
the  modern  gate  of  Damascus,  the  ancient  "  Old 
Gate"  (No.  73).  Akra  was  not  so  high  as  Zion, 
and  hence  the  appellation  of  the  "  Lower  City  " 
applied  to  it  by  Josephus.1 

65.  The  Valley  Gate,  probably  near  the 
site  of  the  present  Jaffa  gate,  leading  out  to  the 
Valley  of  Gihon,  on  the  west  side  of  the  city.2 
Here  Nehemiah  began  his  tour  of  exploration 
by  night.3  A  little  without  this  gate  was  the 
Upper  Pool  of  Gihon,  called  the  "  Dragon-well," 
and  in  the  valley  adjacent  Solomon  was  pro- 
claimed king.4 

66.  Monument  of  John  Hyrcanus. 

This  was  one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  the 
Maccabean  kings,  and  also  a  high  priest,  who 
finally  freed  Judaea  from  the  yoke  of  the  Syrian 
dynasty,  and  established  its  independence,  which 
continued  till  iis  subjugation  by  the  Romans, 
B.  C.  63.  At  this  monument  Titus  began  his 
attack  upon  Jerusalem,  "  for  there  it  was  that 
the  first  fortification  was  lower,  and  the  second 
was  not  joined  to  it,  the  builders  neglecting  to 
build  the  wall  strong  where  the  new  city,"  i.  e. 
(the  suburb)  was  not  much  inhabited ;  here  also 
was  an  easy  passage  to  the  third  wall,  through 
which  he  thought  to  take  the  Upper  City."5 

67.  The  Pool  of  Hezekiah,6  called  the 

Amygdalon  or  "Almond  Pool,"  by  Josephus. 
Its  dimensions  are  about  240  by  144  feet.  It  is 
supplied  with  water  by  an  aqueduct  or  drain 
from  the  Upper  Pool  in  the  valley  of  Gihon. 

68.  Golgotha  or  Calvary;  the  alleged 

place  of  our  Lord's  crucifixion.7  Both  names 
signify  "the  Skull-place,"  probably  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  small  knob  of  limestone 
rock  to  the  shape  of  the  human  head.  It  is 
one  of  the  most  disputed  questions  pertaining 
to  ancient  Jerusalem  whether  this  is  the  true 
locality  of  that  most  memorable  event. 

69.  The  Holy  Sepulcher.  "  Now  in  the 
place  where  he  was  crucified  there  was  a  gar- 
den, and  in  the  garden  a  new  sepulcher."3 

70.  The   Gate  of  Judgment,  "  Porta 

Judiciaria,"  so  called  from  the  belief  that  Christ 
was  led  out  by  it  to  execution.9  The  name  of 
the  gate  and  even  its  existence  rest  only  on  the 
monkish  traditions  of  the  middle  ages.10 

71.  The  Common  Prison.11 

72.  The  Corner  Gate,  at  the  N.  W.  an- 
gle of  the  city.12 

1  War,  v.  4.1 :  v.  6. 1.  *  2  Chron.  26 :  9.  s  Neh.  2: 
13,15.  *  1  Kings  1 :  33,  3S.  s  Jos.  War,  v.  6.  2.  6a 
Ki.  20 :  20.  7  Matt.  27 :  33 ;  Luke  23 :  33.  8  John  19 :  41 . 
»  Williams's  Memoir,  p.  Si .  10  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  III. 
pp.  170,  171.  "Acts  5 :  iS,  19;  12:  4,  5,7.  "2Cbxon. 
26:  9.     Jer.  31  :  3S;  Zech.  14:  16 


26 


JERUSALEM. 


73.  The  Old  Gate,  now  the  Gate  of  Da- 
mascus. Between  this  and  the  Corner  Gate  was 
the  "  Gate  of  Ephraim,"  and  the  "  broad  wall," 
probably  a  restoration  of  the  portion  broken 
down  by  King  Joash.1 

74.  The  House  Of  Records,  the  Re- 
pository of  the  Archives,  where  evidences  of 
debts  were  kept.  One  of  the  first  acts  of  the 
seditious,  at  the  beginning  of  the  war  which 
led  to  the  destruction  of  the  city,  was  to  burn 
this  building,  "  in  order  to  gain  the  multitude 
of  those  who  had  been  debtors,  and  tha.  they 
might  persuade  the  poorer  sort  to  join  in  their 
insurrection  with  safety  against  the  more 
wealthy."2 

75.  Hospital  of  Hyrcanus.3 

76.  Sepulchral  Monuments  in  mem- 
ory of  the  Maccabean  princes.4 

77.  The  Council  House,  a  building  sit- 
ated  near  the  junction  of  the  Zion  wall  with  the 
temple,  perhaps  on  the  site  of  the  modern  Mek- 
herseh  or  chamber  of  the  Turkish  Divan.5  This 
must  have  been  the  session-house  of  the  smaller 
Sanhedrim,  one  of  the  two  inferior  courts  of  jus- 
tice held  in  Jerusalem,  which  sat  at  the  entrance 
to  the  Temple  Mount.0  The  Great  Sanhedrim 
held  their  meetings  in  the  room  Gazith  (No. 
25)  or  "  Hall  of  Squares,"  so  called  from  its 
tessellated  pavement,  in  the  temple  itself,  built 
for  them  by  Simon  ben  Shetach  (B.  C.  110-65), 
until  the  year  A.  D.  30,  when  they  removed  to 
the  "  Hall  of  Purchase,"  on  the  east  side  of 
the  temple.7 

78.  The  Timber  Market.8 

79.  The  Market  Place.  Here  Pilate 
attempted  to  force  the  Jews  to  tolerate  the  pres- 
ence in  the  city  of  the  Roman  standards  which 
bore  the  images  of  the  Emperor.9 

80.  The  Mint." 

81.  The  Via  Dolorosa,  or  "  Street  of 
Sorrows,"  along  which  it  is  said  our  Saviour 
was  led  to  execution.  The  name  dates  only 
from  the  14th  century.11 

82.  The  College,  or  School  of  the 
Prophets.  In  the  time  of  Samuel  companies 
of  young  men  were  associated  to  receive  from 
him  instruction  in  the  national  religion,  institu- 
tions, and  laws;  These  were  called  "  Schools 
of  the  Prophets,"  and  were  continued  down  to 
the  captivity.     From  among  these,  for  the  most 

12  Kin-s  14:  13;  Neh.,j:S.  J  Jos.  War,  ii.  17.6. 
•Barclay  p.  177.  «  Kitto's  Anc.  Jcr.  p.  175;  Barciay, 
p.  176.  cJos.  War,  v.  4.2.  0  Kitto's  Bib.  Cycl.Vol. 
III.  p.  75S.  1  lb.  Vol.  III.  p.  765.  "Jos.  War,  ii.  19. 
4.  "Jos.  Ant.  xviii.  3.  1;  War,  ii.  9. 3.  "Barclay, 
p.  173.     "  Rob.  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  III.  p.  170. 


part,  God  chose  his  inspired  messengers  to  the 
people.  Compare  Amos  7  :  14,  15.  These  pu- 
pils lived  together  in  a  manner  somewhat  re- 
sembling a  modern  Theological  Seminary,  the 
place  of  which  is  in  our  authorized  version  call- 
ed "the  college."1 

83.  Theater  of  Herod  and  Race 
Course.  "  Herod  built  a  theater  at  Jerusalem, 
also  a  very  great  amphitheater  (No.  100),  in  the 
plain.  Both  of  them  were  indeed  costly  works, 
but  opposite  to  the  Jewish  customs ;  for  we 
have  had  no  such  shows  delivered  down  to  us 
as  fit  to  be  used  and  exhibited  by  us ;  yet  did 
he  celebrate  these  games  every  five  years  in  the 
most  solemn  and  splendid  manner.  He  also 
made  proclamation  to  the  neighboring  countries, 
and  called  men  together  out  of  every  nation. 
The  wrestlers,  also,  and  the  rest  of  those  that 
strove  for  the  prizes  in  such  games  were  invited 
out  of  every  land.  There  were  very  great  re- 
wards for  victory  proposed  not  only  to  those 
who  performed  their  exercises  naked,  but  to 
those  who  played  as  musicians  also,  and 
were  called  ihymelici.  He  also  proposed  no 
small  rewards  to  those  who  ran  for  the  prizes 
in  chariot  races,  when  they  were  drawn  by  two, 
or  three,  or  four  pair  of  horses.2  He  also 
made  a  great  preparation  of  wild  beasts,  and  of 
liens  themselves  in  great  abundance,  and  of 
such  other  beasts  as  were  either  of  uncommon 
strength  or  of  such  a  sort  as  were  rarely  seen. 
These  were  prepared  either  to  fight  with  one  an- 
other or  that  men  who  were  condemned  to  death 
were  to  fight  wjth  them."3  These  heathen  games 
and  sports  gave  great  offense  to  the  Jews,  and 
led  to  conspiracies  against  Herod's  life. 

84.  Herod's  Granary.  In  the  13th  year 
of  his  reign  a  severe  famine  occurred  through- 
out Judasa,  and  Herod,  failing  to  receive  the 
usual  revenues,  gave  a  portion  of  his  furniture 
and  plate  to  procure  corn  from  Egypt.  This 
he  sold  or  gave  away  to  the  needy,  and  thereby 
recovered  to  a  good  degree  the  popularity  which 
his  tyranny  had  destroyed.4 

85.  The  Gate  of  Benjamin.5 

86.  The  Baris.  See  No.  87. 

87.  The  Castle  of  Antonia.  The  term 
Akra,  which  gave  name  to  this  part  of  the 
city,  was  originally  applied  to  a  crescent-shaped 
hill,  west  of  the  northern  cloister  of  the  tem- 
ple, whose  summit  was  about  at  the  site  of  the 
building  styled  the  "Mint"  (No.  80).  Upon 
this  eminence  Antiochus  Epiphanes  built  a  for- 
tress (B.  C.   168)  which  overlooked   and  com- 

1  2  Kinyr-  22:  14;  2  Chron.  34:  22.  *  In  the  Hippo- 
drome, No.  95.  'Jos.  Ant.  xv.  S:  1.  *Ib.  xv.  9.  a. 
BJer.37=  '3- 


JERUSALEM   IN"   HER    GRANDEUR. 


27 


manded  the  temple  area,  and  established  in  it  a 
garrison  of  Macedonian  soldiers.  This  he  made 
his  stronghold,  from  which  he  issued  his  im- 
pious orders  for  the  desecration  of  the  temple, 
and  for  many  years  domineered  over  the  Jewish 
people  in  the  manner  which  has  made  his  name 
infamous.1  To  ^oppose  this  fortress,  Simon, 
brother  of  Judas  Maccabceus,  built  a  fortifica- 
tion at  the  northwest  comer  of  the  temple, 
which  was  called  "Baris."2  Between  the  two 
fortresses  ran  the  valley  separating  Akra  from 
Bezetha,  and  which,  just  below,  joined  the  Ty- 
ropceon  Valley,  coming  down  from  the  "  Valley 
Gate,"  the  modern  Jaffa  (N0..65).  Judas  after- 
ward greatly  enlarged  and  strengthened  the 
Baris,  and  made  it  his  residence.  At  length, 
about  B.  C.  140,  the  fortress  on  Akra  was  cap- 
tured, and  the  Syrian  power  finally  expelled 
from  Jerusalem.  So  much  suffering  had  been 
caused  by  it  to  Jerusalem,  that  Simon  now  de- 
termined to  raze  it  to  the  ground  and  even  to 
dig  away  the  hill  of  Akra  itself.  To  accomplish 
this  the  Jews  labored  clay  and  night,  incessantly, 
for  three  years,  the  materials  being  thrown  into 
the  intervening  valley,  which  henceforth  bore 
the  name  of  the  Asamonasan  Valley.3 

The  Baris  was  successively  taken  by  Pom- 
pey  (B.  C.  63)  and  Herod,  who  had  been  ap- 
pointed king  by  the  Romans,  in  place  of  Anti- 
gonus,  his  Maccabaean  rival  (B.  C.  37)  in  each 
case  followed  by  the  possession  of  the  temple 
and  the  city.  Subsequently  Herod  built,  on  the 
rock  adjacent  to  the  Baris,  north  of  the  temple, 
a  lofty  castle,  which  he  named  Antonia,  after  his 
patron,  Mark  Antony.  It  was  joined  to  the 
Baris,  and  through  it  to  the  temple  by  two  con- 
necting cloisters4  to  which  there  was  an  ascent 
by  steps  from  the  temple  court.  The  fortress 
included  also  extensive  barracks  and  courts, 
covering  probably  the  whole  breadth  of  the 
temple  area  on  the  north. 

"  The  inner  parts;"  says  Josephus,5  "  had  the 
largeness  and  form  of  a  palace,  it  being  parted 
into  all  kinds  of  rooms  and  other  conveniences, 
such  as  courts,  and  places  for  bathing,  and 
broad  spaces  for  camps ;  insomuch  that  by 
having  all  conveniences  that  cities  wanted,  it 
might  seem  to  be  composed  of  several  cities, 
but  by  its  magnificence  it  seemed  a  palace  :  and 
as  the  entire  structure  resembled  that  of  a 
tower,  it  contained  also  four  other  distinct  tow- 
ers at  its  four  corners,  whereof  the  others  were 
but  fifty  cubits  high,  whereas  that  which  lay 
upon  the  southeast  corner  was  seventy  cubits 
high,  that  from  hence  the  whole  temple  might 
be  viewed.     But  on  the  corner  where  it  joined 

1  Jcs.  Ant.  xii.  5.  4.  -  1  Mace.  13 :  52.  3  Jos.  War,  v. 
4:1.  'War,  vi.a.  9;  Lewin's  Siege  of  Jer.  p.  234. 
♦War,  v.  5.S. 


to  the  two  cloisters  of  the  temple,  it  had  passa- 
ges to  them  both,  through  which  the  guards 
(for  there  always  lay  in  this  town  a  Roman 
legion)  went  several  ways  among  the  cloisters, 
with  their  arms,  on  the  Jewish  festivals,  in  order 
to  watch  the  people,  that  they  might  not  there 
attempt  to  make  any  insurrection  ;  for  the  tem- 
ple was  a  fortress  that  guarded  the  city,  as  was 
the  tower  of  Antonia  a  guard  to  the  temple, 
and  in  that  tower  were  the  guards  of  those 
three." 

Af  the  time  of  Christ  it  is  believed  that  the 
Antonia  was  the  residence  of  Pilate,  the  Roman 
Governor.  The  word  praetorium,  translated 
"judgment  hall,"1  originally  designated  the  gen- 
eral's tent  in  the  field,  and  from  this  came  to  be 
applied  to  his  residence  wherever  it  might  be. 
Ordinarily  the  abode  of  the  Roman  governor 
in  Palestine  was  at  Cassarea,  on  the  sea-coast, 
but  at  the  time  of  the  Jewish  festivals  he  went 
up  to  Jerusalem  to  preserve  order  there.  Some 
suppose  that  his  headquarters  were  in  Herod's 
palace  on  Zion,  but  the  weight  of  opinion  is  in 
favor  of  the  Antonia.  Here  Jesus  was  con- 
demned to  crucifixion  by  the  governor,  and 
from  thence  led  away  to  Calvary.  It  was  on  the 
stairs  leading  down  from  the  castle  into  the 
temple  cloister,  that  Paul  addressed  the  people 
when  rescued  by  the  chief  captain.2 

88.  Strato's  Tower,  an  appendage  to  the 
Antonia,  through  which  was  a  secret  subterra- 
nean entrance  to  the  fortress.3 

89.  The  Fish  Gate,  so  called  from  being 
adjacent  to  the  Fish  Pool,  "  piscina."4 

90.  Pool  Of  Bethesda,  where  the  lame 
man  was  healed.5  Recent  explorations  render 
it  probable  that  the  true  site  of  the  ancient 
pool  was  further  within  the  city.6 

91.  The  Tower  of  Hananeel.r 

92.  The  Tower  of  Meah.8 

93.  The  Sheep  Gate.9 

94.  The  Sheep  Market.10 


H.  Bezetha  and  the  Suburbs. 

The  word  Bezetha  means  the  New  City,  and 
was  applied  to  the  elevated  ground  north  of  the 
temple,  outside  the  city  wall,  where  in  the  time 
of  Herod  a  considerable  suburban  settlement 
had  been  made.  This,  with  the  suburbs  on  the 
northwest  was,  about  A.  D.  40,  inclosed  by  what 
was  called  the  third,   or  outer  wall.      It  is  not 

1  John  iS  :2S.  s  Acts  21  :  40.  3  Jos.  Ant.  xiii.  11.  3; 
War,  i.  3.  4.  42  Chron.  33:  14;  Neh.  3  :  3.  6  John  5: 
2.  °  Rec.  of  Jer.  p.  154.  7Jer.  31:  3S.  8  Neh. 
3:   I.        9  Neh.  3  :  1,32,        J" John  5:   2. 


28 


JERUSALEM. 


shown  in  the  painting,  since  its  date  was  subse- 
quent to  that  here  assumed.1 

95.  Herod's  Hippodrome,  for  chariot 
races.     See  No.  83. 

96.  The  Fuller's  Monument,  at  the 

extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the  city,  where 
the  outer  wall  came  down  to  the  valley  of  the 
Kidron.2 

97.  Scopus,  a  portion  of  the  Mount  of 
Olives  sweeping  round  toward  the  northwest, 
from  the  summit  of  which  is  a  fine  view  of  the 
city.  Here  Titus  first  encamped  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  siege. 

98.  Tombs  of  the  Kings.  A  remarka- 
ble subterranean  sepulcher  excavated  in  the 
rock,  and  generally  believed  to  have  been  the 
burial  place  of  Herod  the  Great.  Dr.  Robin- 
son regards  it  rather  as  the  tomb  of  Helena, 
Queen  of  Adiabene  in  Assyria.3 


99.  Mizpeh,  now  called   Ncby  Samwil,  or 
the  Prophet  Samuel,  where  that  prophet  offered 

1  Smith's  Die.  of  Geog.  Vol.  II.  p.  21.      2  Jos.  War, 
v.  4.  2.       3  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  361. 


sacrifice  and  judged  the  people,  and  Saul  was 
chosen  king.1  The  word  signifies  a  watch- 
tower,  or  place  of  lookout.  On  the  summit  is  a 
dilapidated  mosk,  covering  the  alleged  tomb 
of  Samuel.  This  eminence  was  named  by  the 
Crusaders  "  Montjoye,"  it  being  the  spot  from 
which  they  first  saw  Jerusalem.2 

100.  Herod's    Amphitheater.     See 

No.  83. 

101.  The  Camp  of  the  Assyrians, 

mentioned  by  Josephus  as  the  spot  where  the 
army  of  Sennacherib  were  miraculously  des- 
troyed in  a  single  night.3  This  was  the  place 
where  Titus  pitched  his  camp,  after  he  had 
broken  through  the  outer  wall.4 

102.  The  Tower  Psephinus,   at  the 

northwestern  angle  of  the  third  or  outer  wall.' 

103.  The  Hill  Gareb,  supposed  to  have 
been  the  place  to  which  lepers  were  sent  out- 
side the  city.0 

104.  The  Plain  of  Bephaim,  or  the 

Giants.7  It  was  the  site  of  several  battles  be- 
tween David  and  the  Philistines.8 

105.  The  Hill    of  Evil  Council,  so 

called  from  the  bargain  of  Judas  with  the 
priests  for  the  betrayal  of  Jesus,  which  tradition 
says  was  made  at  the  country  villa  of  Caiaphas 
on  this  hill.9 

1  1  Sam.  7:  5-16;  10:  17.  *  Rob.  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I. 
p.  457.  s  Isa.  37  •  36.  *  Jos.  War,  v.  7.  3.  «  Jos. 
War,  v.  4.  2.  aJer.    31:   39.  7Josh.    15:  8. 

•  2  Sam  5  :  iS:  22;  23  •  13.    »  Luke  22 :  3-6. 


"  It  is  difficult  to  raise  up  to  the  mind's  eye,  from  the  ruins  of  the  present  Jerusalem,  the  mag- 
nificent sight  which,  in  the  times  both  of  the  Davidic  and  the  Herodian  monarchy,  must  have  pre- 
sented itself  to  any  spectator.  Other  residences  of  regal  luxury  arose  elsewhere ;  but  Jerusalem 
only  was  a  city  of  palaces.  Compared  with  the  other  villages  and  towns  of  Palestine,  contrasted 
with  the  mountain  wilderness  of  its  own  immediate  neighborhood,  it  is  always  spoken  of  as  a  splen- 
did and  dazzling  spectacle.  —  After  its  adornment  by  Herod  the  Great,  it  is  probable  that  no  city 
of  the  East  except  Antioch,  no  city  of  the  West  except  Rome,  equaled  the  external  splendor  of 
Jerusalem."  —  Stanley,  Sinai  and  Palestine,  pp.  182,  183. 


CLOSING   SCENES.  29 


IV. 

THE  CLOSING   SCENES. 

IN    THE    LIFE  OF  OUR  LORD,  AND  THE    LOCALITIES  CONNECTED  WITH  THEM. 

The  triumphal  procession  shown  in  the  foreground  of  the  picture  took 
place  on  Monday  morning,  the  next  day  after  Christ's  arrival'  at  Bethany.1 
It  was  during  this  journey,  and  probably  just  at  the  spot  here  indicated, 
that  he  "  beheld  the  city  and  wept  over  it,"  declaring  that  the  days  should 
come  when  its  enemies  should  cast  a  trench  about  it,  and  lay  it  even  with 
the  ground,  and  not  leave  in  it  one  stone  upon  another.2  The  procession 
moved  on  down  the  hill-side,  and  probably  crossed  the  valley  by  the  Red 
Heifer  Bridge  (No.  16)  entering,  the  temple  by  the  Shushan  Gate  (No.  15), 
in  commemoration  of  which  the  Golden  Gate,  supposed  to  be  in  the  same 
place,  used  to  be  opened  on  Palm  Sunday,  and  a  company  of  monks 
bearing  palms  went  out  from  it  to  the  Mount,  as  if  to  meet  the  Lord. 
That  day  was  devoted  by  Jesus  to  an  observation  of  the  condition  of 
things  in  the  temple,3  and  healing  the  blind  and  the  lame,4  and  at  night 
he  returned  again  to  Bethany,  doubtless  to  the  house  of  his  friends,  Mar- 
tha, and  Mary,  and  Lazarus. 

Next  day  (Tuesday)  he  went  again  to  the  city ;  on  the  way,  probably,  near 
Bethphage,  which  signifies  the  "  house  of  figs,"  pronouncing  the  curse  upon 
the  barren  fig-tree.  Entering  into  the  temple,  he  again  drove  out  the  money- 
changers and  the  dove-sellers  from  the  stalls  occupied  by  them  in  the  outer 
cwrt  (No.  21),  as  he  had  done  three  years  before  at  the  beginning  of  his 
ministry.5  The  rest  of  the  day  he  spent  in  teaching  the  people,6  after  which 
he  returned,  as  usual  at  night,  to  Bethany. 

Wednesday  was  a  very  busy  day.  The  proceedings  of  the  last  two  days 
had  caused  the  utmost  excitement  among  all  classes.  No  sooner  had  Jesus 
again  reached  the  temple  than  he  was  accosted  by  the  members  of  the  San- 
hedrim, demanding  to  know  his  authority  for  what  he  had  said  and  done.  He 
answered  them  in  a  succession  of  parables,  unmasking  their  hypocrisy  and 
predicting  the  speedy  overthrow  of  their  nation.7  Next  the  Pharisees  and 
Herodians  came  with  the  dangerous  question  about  paying  tribute  to  Caesar,8 
the  Sadducees  inquiring  about  the  resurrection,9  and  the  lawyers  about  the 

1  John  12:1.        2  Luke  19:  44.       3  Mark  n  :  n.        *Matt.  21:14.        BJohn2:i3.    °  Mark  11 :  iS;  Luke  21 : 
37.        7  Matt.  21 :  23 — 22:  14.        8  Matt.  22:  15-22.       °  Luke  20:  27-40. 


30  JERUSALEM. 

great  commandment  j1  after  which  he  turned  upon  them  with  his  unan- 
swerable question  as  to  the  Messiah  being  the  son  of  David  ; 2  following  it 
with  a  terrific  series  of  warnings  and  woes,  and  ending  with  the  renewed 
prediction  of  the  speedy  vengeance  of  God  upon  that  wicked  generation.3 
It  was  on  this  day,  while  in  the  court  of  the  women  (No.  26),  that  he  per- 
ceived the  poor  widow  casting  her  two  mites  into  the  treasury.4  On  his 
way  out  of  the  temple  he  uttered  the  solemn  announcement  of  the  ap- 
proaching destruction  of  the  temple,  and  after  reaching  the  Mount  of  Olives, 
at  the  request  of  his  disciples  for  an  explanation,  delivered  that  impressive 
discourse  of  the  signs  of  his  coming,  the  doom  of  the  temple  and  city,  and 
the  final  judgment  of  the  world.5  On  returning  to  Bethany  that  same  evening, 
he  found  that  his  friends  had  made  him  a  supper  at  the  house  of  Simon, 
during  which  Mary  anointed  his  feet  with  the  precious  ointment,  which, 
being  complained  of  as  a  waste  by  Judas,  brought  upon  him  a  rebuke,  to 
revenge  which  he  went  away  that  night  to  make  his  bargain  with  the 
chief  priests  for  the  betrayal  of  his  Master.6 

On  Thursday,  Jesus  seems  to  have  lingered  at  Bethany  till  toward 
evening,  as  if  aware  that  when  he  left  it  would  be  for  the  last  time, 
and  being  loth  to  part  with  the  friends  whose  affection  and  tender 
ministrations  had  been  so  grateful  to  him.  In  the  morning,  however, 
he  sent  Peter  and  John  into  the  city  to  prepare  the  passover  supper.7 
We  know  not  the  route  by  which  they  went,  but  assuming  that  the 
tradition  which  places  the  supper-room  at  the  Ccenaculum  (59)  on 
Zion  is  correct,  they  probably  entered  by  the  Shushan  Gate  (No.  15)  and 
crossing  the  bridge  (No.  35)  met  the  man  bearing  his  pitcher  of  water  near 
its  western  extremity,  either  coming  up  from  Siloam  (No.  12)  by  the  Foun- 
tain Gate  (51)  or  from  one  of  the  wells  in  the  Tyropceon  near  the  Xystus 
(48),8  or  possibly  from  some  fountain  connected  with  Solomon's  aqueduct  (53). 
The  unusual  sight  of  a  man  performing  a  menial  service  almost  universally 
allotted  to  women,  would  sufficiently  designate  the  person  intended,  and 
following  him  over  to  the  dwelling  of  his  master,  they  delivered  their  mes- 
sage and  were  shown  the  "upper  room  furnished"9  where  they  made  ready 
the  passover.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  day  Jesus  repaired  thither  with  the 
twelve,  and  the  evening  was  spent  in  the  performance  of  the  paschal  rites, 
the  institution  of  the  New  Supper,  and  the  delivery  of  that  most  tender 
discourse,  followed  by  his  prayer,  recorded  in  the  14th —  17th  chapters  of 
John.     After  that  they  retired  to  Gethsemane  (No  8)  by  the  way  of  the 

1  Mark  12 :  2S-34.  *  Matt.  22  :  41-46.  3  Matt.  23 :  15-39.  *  Mark  12 :  41-44.  c  Matt.  14  and  25. 

•  Mark  14:  3-11.        '  Luke  22:  7-13.        "  Barclay  p.  528.        "Luke  22:  12. 


CLOSING    SCENES.  31 

bridge  and  the  temple,  or  if  the  gates  of  the  latter  were  shut  at  night,  descend- 
ed perhaps  by  the  Fountain  Gate  (51),  and  passing  around  the  southern 
point  of  Ophel,  went  up  along  the  vale  of  Kidron  to  the  sacred  garden. 

Friday.  Meanwhile,  Judas,  having  left  the  supper-room  early,  had  receiv- 
ed from  the  priests  his  band  of  men  from  among  the  officers  and  servants 
of  the  temple,  and  conducted  them  out  to  Gethsemane.1  It  was  now,  doubt- 
less, considerably  after  midnight,  and  the  mysterious  agony  and  prayers  of 
the  Lord  were  already  past.  Jesus  was  apprehended  and  bound,  and  after 
the  brief  resistance  offered  by  Peter,  and  the  healing  of  the  servant's  ear 
which  he  had  cut  off,2  the  band  returned  with  their  prisoner,  entering,  proba- 
bly, through  the  Sheep  Gate,  (93)  into  the  precincts  of  Antonia.  Thence  he 
was  led,  perhaps,  through  the  Fish  Gate,  (89)  and  down  the  street  west  of 
the  temple  to  the  palace  of  "  Annas  first"  (56),3  where  their  stay  seems  to 
have  been  short,  and  from  thence  to  the  abode  of  Caiaphas  (58).  Here 
were  already  assembled  the  greater  part  of  the  Sanhedrim,  waiting  the  re- 
sult of  their  bargain  with  Judas.4  An  informal  examination  of  our  Lord 
now  took  place,  resulting  in  a  determination  to  put  him  to  death,  during 
which  time  Peter  and  John,  who  had  followed  to  the  palace,  remained  in  the 
open  court,  where  the  three  denials  of  his  Master  by  the  former  took  place. 

It  was  now  the  dawn  of  the  morning  of  Friday,  and  the  priests  adjourned 
to  their  regular  session  room  in  the  temple,  where  the  formal  meeting  of  the 
Sanhedrim  had  been  summoned.  It  is  not  certain  whether  this  was  in 
the  room  "  Gazith  "  or  an  apartment  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  court,  the 
Talmud  stating  that  the  removal  of  their  place  of  meeting  to  the  latter  was 
made  that  very  year.5  Their  trial  here  was  brief,  for  the  case  had  already 
been  predetermined,  and  their  victim  was  condemned  to  death  for  blasphe- 
my.0 But  the  Sanhedrim  had  been  deprived  by  the  Romans  of  the  power 
of  inflicting  capital  punishment,  so  that  in  order  to  execute  their  sentence 
it  was  necessary  for  them  to  secure  the  approval  of  Pilate,  the  Roman  gover- 
nor. Jesus  is  therefore  taken  around  to  Antonia  (No.  87)  the  governor's  resi- 
dence.7 It  being  now  the  passover  week,  the  priests  who  had  carefully  puri- 
fied themselves  could  not  enter  an  unclean  Gentile's  abode  ;  so  Pilate  conde- 
scendingly comes  down  from  the  castle  to  meet  them.8  Abandoning  now 
the  charge  of  blasphemy  for  which  they  had  condemned  him,  of  which  as  a 
Roman  officer  Pilate  could  take  no  cognizance,  they  accuse  him  of  sedition 
and  treason  against  the  Emperor  in  claiming  to  be  king  of  the  Jews.9  In  a 
brief  examination  of  his  prisoner,  Pilate  soon  perceives  the  falsity  of  this 

iJohmS^.  2JohniS:io.  sjohniSirj.  «  Matt.  26:57.         *  Kitto's  Bib.  Cyd.  Vol.  III.  p.776. 

6  Matt.  26 :  65,  66.        7  Matt.  27 :  2.        »  John  iS :  29.        »  Luke  23  :  2. 


32  JERUSALEM. 

charge,  and  incidentally  learning  that  Jesus  was  a  resident  of  Galilee,  and 
remembering  that  Herod,  the  ruler  of  Galilee,  was  then  at  Jerusalem,  deter- 
mined to  refer  the  matter  to  the  latter,  and  so  get  rid  of  it.  Herod  was 
probably  staying  at  the  splendid  palace  built  by  his  father  on  Zion  (No.  60). 
Jesus  was,  accordingly,  sent  thither ;  but  Herod  after  vainly  endeavoring  to 
get  his  prisoner,  of  whom  he  had  heard  so  much,  to  work  a  miracle  to  gratify 
his  curiosity,  grown  disgusted  and  angry,  gives  him  up  to  the  derision  of 
the  courtiers  and  soldiers,  and  at  last  throwing  upon  him  an  old  military 
cloak,  as  a  royal  robe,  sends  him  back  to  Pilate. 

The  governor,  overcome  at  last  by  the  importunities  of  the  Jews,  and  afraid 
of  the  threat  they  did  not  hesitate  to  utter,  that  if  he  refused  they  would 
accuse  him  to  the  emperor  of  abetting  treason,1  at  last  consented  to  the 
execution,  first,  however,  exhibiting  him,  scourged  and  bleeding  and  bearing 
his  crown  of  thorns,  according  to  tradition,  at  the  arch  "  Ecce  Homo," 
in  the  vain  hope  of  exciting  their  compassion.2  Jesus  was  then  led  away,  as 
the  monks  say,  through  the  Via  Dolorosa  the  "  Street  of  Sorrows"  (No.  81), 
along  which  are  shown  numerous  sites  of  events  said  to  have  occurred  at 
that  time,  as  the  place  where  he  fainted  under  the  cross,  where  Simon  the 
Cyrenian  was  met,  where  St.  Veronica  wiped  his  face  with  her  handkerchief 
etc.  Passing  without  the  walls  (No.  70)  they  arrived  at  Golgotha  (68) 
where  he  was  crucified  at  the  third  hour3 — 9  oclock  in  the  morning,  and 
died  at  the  ninth  hour, — 3  oclock  in  the  afternoon.4  The  burial  in  Joseph's 
new  tomb  (69)  took  place  before  sunset  the  same  afternoon.5 

'John  19:  12.        *Johnio:5.        s  Mark  15:25.        *  Mark  15:  33,  37.        sJohn  19:43. 


Saviour  !  God's  love,  God's  holiness 
In  one  large  language  uttered  now 
Of  suffering ;  thou  thy  head  dost  bow 

In  death,  with  words  that  calm  and  bless. 
Oh  may  I  henceforth  live  to  thee 
Since  thou,  my  Life,  didst  die  for  me ' 


THE    SIEGE.  33 


V. 

THE     SIEGE    AND    DESTRUCTION    OF    THE    CITY    UNDER 

TITUS. 

WITH    REFERENCES    TO    THE    LOCALITIES. 

No  possible  prediction  could  have  seemed  to  human  view  more  unlikely 
of  fulfillment  than  that  which  our  Lord  uttered  just  before  his  crucifixion, 
as  to  the  speedy  overthrow  of  Jerusalem.  As  he  looked  down  upon  it  from 
the  hights  of  Olivet,  he  beheld,  perhaps,  the  most  splendid  city  of  the 
world,  with  its  massive  walls,  its  sumptuous  palaces,  the  darkly  frowning 
fortress  of  Antonia,  and  the  glorious  temple  Mount,  with  its  porches  and 
courts  and  sanctuary,  reflecting  from  their  marble  and  gold  the  afternoon 
rays  of  the  sun  too  bright  for  the  eye  to  bear.  This  was  the  sacred  city 
of  David,  for  a  thousand  years  the  capital  of  the  nation  which  God  had 
chosen  for  his  own.  The  temple  was  his  own  dwelling  place,  where  once  he 
had  manifested  his  presence  in  the  visible  Shechinah,  and  which  was  the 
symbol  of  all  that  was  holiest  and  most  venerable  on  earth.  We  may  well 
imagine,  then,  the  wondering  consternation  of  the  disciples  when  they  heard 
from  the  lips  of  their  Master  those  fearful  words :  "  See  ye  not  all  these 
things  ?  Verily  I  say  unto  you,  there  shall,  not  be  left  here  one  stone  upon 
another  that  shall  not  be  thrown  down.  —  This  generation  shall  not  pass  till 
all  these  things  be  fulfilled." 

The  revolt  of  the  Jews  against  Rome  was  occasioned  by  the  intolerable 
cruelty  of  the  Roman  governors,  which  in  turn  was  greatly  inflamed  and 
increased  by  the  fierce  turbulence  of  the  Jews  themselves.  The  first  dis- 
turbances took  place  at  Caesarea  (A.  D.  65),  where  was  a  quarrel  between 
the  Syrians  and  Jews,  as  to  which  should  have  the  supremacy  in  that  city  ; 
a  quarrel  ultimately  referred  to  the  Emperor  Nero,  who  decided  in  favor  of 
the  former.  These  in  their  triumph  grossly  insulted  the  Jews,  for  which 
the  latter  sought  redress  from  Florus,  the  governor,  who  was  second  in 
succession  from  Felix,  the  governor  in  Paul's  time.  Florus  not  only  disre- 
garded their  appeal,  but  sent  up  to  Jerusalem  demanding  seventeen  talents 
in  money  from  the  temple  as  a  gift  to  the  Emperor,  and  followed  the  mes- 
sage with  a  troop  of  soldiers  to  enforce  it.  The  Jews  refused  to  comply, 
and  were  ridden  down  and  massacred  without  mercy  ;  and  a  desperate  fight 


34  JERUSALEM. 

ensued  for  the  possession  of  Antonia,  in  which  Florus  was  worsted.  Both 
parties  now  appealed  to  Cestius  Gallus,  the  prefect  of  the  province,  and  the 
Jews  even  proposed  to  send  messengers  to  Nero  to  complain  of  the  gover- 
nor, but  were  dissuaded  from  this  by  Agrippa,  and  urged  to  submit  to  Flo- 
rus until  he  should  be  removed.  The  better  disposed  of  the  Jews  consented, 
but  a  portion  of  the  more  turbulent  refused,  and  even  stoned  Agrippa  till 
he  was  compelled  to  desist  from  opposing  them. 

The  revolt  now  began  in  earnest.  The  leaders  of  it  surprised  the  Roman 
fortress  of  Masada,  by  the  Dead  Sea,  and  massacred  the  entire  garrison. 
The  high  priest  in  the  temple  offered  open  insult  to  the  emperor  by  refusing 
longer  to  receive  the  gifts  and  sacrifices  which  had  been  customarily  made 
in  his  name.  The  public  archives  (No.  74)  were  burned  to  obliterate  all  evi- 
dences of  debt,  and  thus  destroy  the  power  of  the  wealthy  and  conservative 
classes;  and  at  last  the  Roman  garrison  in  Antonia  were  taken  and  murdered. 
Then  Cestius  Gallus  felt  it  to  be  time  to  interfere.  He  marched  from  An- 
tioch  with  20,000  men,  and  laid  siege  to  Jerusalem  ;  took  and  burned  Beze- 
tha,  and  made  a  desperate  assault  upon  the  temple,  when,  suddenly,  he 
ceased  his  proceedings,  and,  as  Josephus  says,  "  retired  from  the  city  with- 
out any  reason  in  the  world." l  The  Jews  followed,  and  assailed  him  in 
the  rear;  the  retreat  became  a  flight,  and  the  army  was  nearly  destroyed. 
This  unaccountable  abandonment  of  the  siege  was  regarded  by  the  Chris- 
tians in  Jerusalem  as  the  signal  foretold  by  Christ  for*  their  own  escape. 
"  When  ye  shall  see  Jerusalem  compassed  with  armies,  then  know  that  the 
destruction  thereof  is  nigh.  Then  let  them  which  are  in  Judaea  flee  to  the 
mountains,"2  etc.  Accordingly  they  seized  the  favorable  moment  and  fled 
to  the  city  of  Pella,  across  the  Jordan,  where  they  remained  in  entire  safety 
till  after  the  war.     This  was  in  Nov.  A.  D.  66. 

The  Emperor  Nero  was  highly  incensed  at  the  defeat  of  Cestius,  and  at 
once  appointed  his  general  Vespasian,  who  had  just  returned  from  his  vic- 
tories over  the  Britons  and  Germans,  prefect  of  Syria,  and  commanded  him 
to  march  against  Jerusalem.  He  began  his  campaign  in  Galilee,  and  after 
the  most  desperate  resistance,  took  its  cities  one  after  another  and  laid 
waste  the  whole  province.  In  the  campaigns  of  A.  D.  68  and  69  he  was 
equally  successful  in  Perasa  and  Idumea,  and  having  taken  all  the  strong 
places  which  covered  Jerusalem,  prepared  to  attack  that  city.  Just  then  Ne- 
ro died,  and  Vespasian  was  proclaimed  emperor,  whereupon  he  devolved  the 
command  of  his  army  upon  his  son  Titus,  and  hastened  himself  to  Rome. 

1  War,  ii.  19.  7.        'Luke  31:21. 


THE    SIEGE.  35 

Titus  was  now  in  his  twenty-ninth  year.  He  was  a  brave  and 
skillful  soldier,  an  accomplished  scholar,  amiable  in  disposition,  polished  in 
manners,  and  for  the  times,  comparatively  pure  in  his  morals.  His  army, 
consisting  of  four  legions  and  a  large  body  of  auxiliaries,  numbered  60,000 
men.  He  set  forth  from  Caesarea  in  April,  A.  D.  70,  and  arrived  at  Scopus 
(No.  97)  about  the  middle  of  the  month.  Advancing  with  his  body-guard  to 
reconnoiter  the  walls,  he  was  suddenly  attacked  by  a  sortie  from  the  Da- 
mascus gate  (No.  73),  and  but  for  his  personal  valor  in  cutting  his  way  through 
his  assailants,  would  have  been  taken  prisoner.  The  city  at  this  time  was 
rent  with  faction  ;  three  fierce  and  bloody  chiefs  were  arrayed  in  deadly 
strife  with  each  other.  Simon,  at  the  head  of  perhaps  the  most  respectable 
party,  held  possession  of  Zion.  John  the  leader  of  the  "  Zealots,"  a  band  of 
desperate  robbers,  occupied  the  temple  and  Antonia,  and  Eleazar,  a  renegade 
priest,  led  a  cabal,  who  had  fortified  themselves  in  the  inner  cloisters  of  the 
temple  (No.  29).  The  masses  of  the  people  adhered  to  neither,  and  were  in 
turn  plundered,  tortured,  and  massacred  by  all.  It  was  now  the  passover  sea- 
son, and  vast  multitudes  from  the  country  had  come  to  Jerusalem  to  attend 
that  festival,  whose  presence  added  to  the  confusion,  and  consumed  the 
provisions  of  the  city. 

Titus  had  sent  one  of  his  legions  to  encamp  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  but 
before  it  could  complete  its  intrenchments  it  was  attacked  by  John  and 
Eleazar  from  the  Shushan  Gate  (No.  1 5),  and  by  Simon  from  the  Sheep  Gate 
(No.  93),  and  but  for  the  arrival  of  Titus  himself  with  reinforcements,  would 
have  been  entirely  destroyed.  The  Jews  were  at  last  driven  back  into  Ki- 
dron  (B)  with  fearful  slaughter,  and  compelled  to  take  refuge  within  the  city. 

The  general  now  saw  that  he  must  make  regular  approaches  to  the  walls, 
and  proceeded  to  level  all  the  obstructions  on  the  north  and  west,  the  only 
vulnerable  sides  of  the  city.  Houses  were  demolished,  gardens  destroyed, 
trees  cut  down,  and  the  ground  laid  waste.  He  then  removed  two  of  his 
legions  to  an  eminence  a  little  north  of  the  tower  Psephinus  (No.  102),  and 
another  opposite  the  present  Jaffa  Gate  (No.  65).  Having  completed  his 
work  he  rode  around  the  wall,  accompanied  by  the  historian  Josephus,  and 
called  on  the  Jews  to  surrender,  offering  them  terms  of  peace.  His  pro- 
posal was  met  only  by  a  discharge  of  arrows,  wounding  one  of  his  staff. 

The  attack  was  commenced  upon  the  outer  wall,  near  the  monument  of 
Hyrcanus  (No.  66).  Three  huge  banks  were  erected,  a  battering  ram  placed 
on  each,  and  after  fifteen  days  of  desperate  fighting,  a  breach  was  effected, 
and  the  Romans  rushing  through,  obtained  possession  of  the  entire  New 


36  JEKUSALEM. 

City  or  Bezetha  (H).  Titus  at  once  removed  his  camp  within  the  wall,  at  the 
place  called  the  camp  of  the  Assyrians  (No.  101),  his  troops  extending  the 
entire  distance  to  the  valley  of  Kidron.  This  gave  him  access  on  the  east 
to  the  northern  cloisters  of  Antonia  and  the  temple,  and  on  the  west  to  the 
tower  of  Hippicus  (No.  61),  both  of  which  were  outside  the  extremities  of 
the  second  wall,  which  is  the  outside  wall  as  shown  in  the  picture,  the  third 
or  outside  wall  in  the  time  of  Titus  having  been  built  subsequently  to  the 
date  of  the  picture.  These  he  attacked  at  the  same  time,  but  after  several 
days'  fighting  he  was  obliged  to  confess  them  both  impregnable,  and  to 
direct  his  assault  upon  the  second  wall  which  lay  between. 

In  five  days  a  breach  was  made  in  this  wall,  and  the  lower  town,  Akra, 
was  taken.  Titus  entered  the  breach  with  iooo  men,  and  gave  orders  to 
spare  all  the  unarmed  people  and  their  houses.  Just  then  Simon  made 
a  fierce  double  attack  upon  him  from  Zion,  one  party  issuing  from 
Hippicus,  outside  the  second  wall,  to  shut  them  in  at  the  breach  through 
which  they  had  entered,  and  the  other  assailing  them  in  Akra  itself.  The 
Romans  were  now  in  the  greatest  danger,  entangled  in  the  narrow  streets, 
and  unable  to  escape  through  the  opening  in  the  wall ;  and  it  was  only  by 
the  most  heroic  valor,  aided  by  a  strong  body  of  archers  sent  by  Titus  to 
cover  their  retreat,  that  they  finally  fought  their  way  out.  The  Jews  at 
once  retook  possession  of  the  wall  and  breach,  and  held  it  three  days  against 
the  whole  force  of  the  Roman  army,  but  were  finally  driven  back  into  the 
upper  city,  the  wall  was  again  taken  and  demolished,  and  Titus  remained 
master  of  the  lower  city. 

After  four  days'  rest  allowed  his  troops,  and  an  ostentatious  review  in 
sight  of  their  enemies,  Titus  renewed  his  double  attack  on  Antonia  and 
Hippicus,  erecting  banks  against  both.  The  latter  were  assailed  by  Simon, 
the  engines  burned,  and  the  Romans  driven  back  to  their  camp.  The 
former  were  completed  in  iy  days,  when,  just  as  the  huge  rams  begun  to 
play  upon  the  castle  wall,  the  whole  mound  upon  which  they  stood  sunk 
into  the  ground,  having  been  undermined  by  John  from  within,  and  from 
the  cavities  flames  burst  forth  which  consumed  every  thing  combustible. 
This  was  a  heavy  blow  to  the  Romans,  and  Titus  resolved  to  call  in  the  aid 
of  famine,  to  subdue  the  desperate  defenders.  Accordingly  he  employed 
his  whole  army  in  building  a  wall  of  circumvallation  about  the  city,  five 
miles  in  circuit,  a  work  completed  in  the  incredibly  short  space  of  three  days. 
This  precluded  any  supplies  from  being  brought  in,  and  the  famine  which 
had  already  carried  off  thousands,  raged  with  redoubled  violence.     "  The 


THE    SIEGE.  37 

besieged  now  staggered  about  from  weakness,  like  drunken  men,  and  their 
senses  being  unhinged  and  their  memory  gone,  they  would  break  into  the 
same  house  two  or  three  times  the  same  day  in  search  of  food,  unconscious 
that  they  had  paid  the  like  visit  before.  In  the  extremity  of  their  distress 
they  gnawed  the  hides  from  their  shields  and  the  leather  of  their  belts  and 
shoes,  and  even  a  wisp  of  hay  or  straw  was  found  a  relief  from  the  pangs  of 
hunger.  But  one  horrible  deed  eclipses  all  the  rest.  A  lady  of  rank  and 
fortune,  Mary  the  daughter  of  Eleazar,  had  been  obliged  to  fly  from  Pe'raea 
beyond  Jordan  to  take  refuge  in  Jerusalem.  The  insurgents  had  stripped 
her  house  of  every  article  of  food,  and  left  her  and  her  infant  child  to  starve. 
As  the  armed  brigands  passed  her  door  they  inhaled  the  fumes  of  the 
kitchen,  and  rushed  into  the  house  and  threatened  instant  death  unless 
the  savory  viands  were  disclosed.  She  led  them  aside  and  showed  them, 
to  their  horror,  the  remains  of  her  child.  Maddened  by  the  cravings  of 
nature,  she  had  murdered  the  infant  at  her  breast,  and  cooked  it  for  food ! "  1 

New  banks  were  now  erected  against  Antonia,  two  on  the  west  side  and 
two  on  the  north,  and  at  length  the  wall  of  the  fortress  fell.  The  Jews, 
however,  had  already  built  a  new  wall  within,  in  anticipation  of  that  disaster, 
but  the  ruins  of  the  former  gave  the  means  of  an  escalade,  and  after  two 
days'  fighting  the  Romans  forced  a  passage  over  the  piles  of  stone  and  mor- 
tar and  the  stronghold  was  their  own. 

Still  the  cloisters  connecting  Antonia  with  the  temple  remained,  as  also  the 
temple  wall.  To  prepare  the  way  for  his  approaches  to  the  latter,  the  castle, 
excepting  its  lofty  south-eastern  tower  was  wholly  demolished,  and  the  very 
rock  on  which  it  had  stood  leveled  to  the  ground.  Just  at  this  time,  July  14th, 
the  daily  sacrifice,  which  from  the  return  of  the  captives  from  Babylon  had 
been  offered  without  cessation,  failed,  either  from  want  of  victims  or  proper 
ministers,  an  event  which  greatly  disheartened  the  Jews. 

Titus  taking  advantage  of  this,  again  renewed  his  offers  to  spare  both  the 
temple  and  the  people  if  they  would  surrender,  and  many  of  the  higher 
classes  accepted  his  offer,  but  the  fierce  chieftains  and  soldiers  haughtily 
rejected  it.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  then  made  to  carry  the  temple 
wall  and  cloisters  by  assault,  and  nothing  was  left  but  for  Titus  to  resort 
again  to  his  banks  and  his  rams. 

Before  however  these  were  finished,  a  second  attempt  to  scale  the  cloisters 
was  more  successful,  but  as  the  Romans  reached  the  roof,  the  Jews  set  it  on 
fire,  having  prepared  it  beforehand  with  pitch  and  bitumen,  and  the  whole 
western  cloister  as  far  as  the  bridge  (No.  35)  was  consumed.     Next  day  the 

1  Lewin's  Siege,  pp.  73,  74.    Compare  the  prediction  of  this  very  event  in  Deut.  2S :  56,  57. 


38  JERUSALEM. 

Romans  managed  to  burn  the  northern  cloister,  and  through  this  to  break 
into  the  outer  court  of  the  temple,  driving  the  Jews  within  the  inner  court. 
This  was  deemed  by  them  impregnable,  the  massive  walls  and  heavy  gates 
being  too  strong  to  be  taken  by  any  human  power.  Titus  ordered  his  engines 
to  be  brought,  and  for  six  days  battered  the  walls  in  vain.  At  last  he  built 
fires  against  the  gates,  which,  melting  off  the  plates  of  silver  with  which 
they  had  been  covered,  communicated  to  the  woodwork  within  and  to  the 
inner  cloisters,  the  Jews  as  if  paralyzed  by  consternation,  making  no  effort 
to  extinguish  the  flames. 

The  Sanctuary  itself  was  still  untouched,  and  Titus  called  a  council  of  six 
of  his  chief  officers  to  decide  what  should  be  done  with  it.  The  conclusion 
was  to  spare  it,  and  orders  were  given  accordingly,  but  the  Jews  suddenly 
recovering  their  courage  made  another  desperate  charge  upon  the  besiegers. 
Just  then  a  Roman  soldier,  without  orders,  snatched  a  brand  from  the 
burning  cloisters,  and  mounting  on  the  back  of  a  comrade,  hurled  it  through 
the  window  of  one  of  the  side  chambers.  The  inflammable  cedar  heated 
under  an  August  sun  at  once  burst  into  flames.  Titus  hearing  it,  rushed 
forward  with  his  guards  for  its  rescue.  He  commanded,  and  even  implored 
his  soldiers  to  spare  the  sacred  edifice,  but  they  were  too  much  exasperated 
to  heed  him.  Presently  the  whole  building  was  on  fire,  and  amid  the  vic- 
torious shouts  of  the  Romans,  and  the  shrieks  of  despair  and  rage  from  the 
Jews,  the  "  holy  and  beautiful  house,"  the  once  inviolable  sanctuary  of  Jeho- 
vah sank  to  rise  no  more. 

The  scene  that  followed  beggars  all  description.  John  and  Simon  with 
their  bands  fled  across  the  bridge  (No.  35)  into  Zion,  leaving  the  multitudes  of 
unarmed  persons,  priests,  women,  and  children,  to  the  fierce  passions  of  the 
victors.  They  were  all  murdered  in  cold  blood.  Six  hundred  priests  who 
had  taken  refuge  upon  the  roof  of  the  cloisters  were  put  to  death,  with  the 
unfeeling  remark  that  the  temple  being  destroyed,  there  was  no  longer  any 
use  for  them.  Six  thousand  of  the  populace  took  refuge  upon  the  royal 
cloister  on  the  south  (No.  20)  ;  this  the  Romans  set  fire  to,  and  not  a  soul 
escaped.  Then  the  remaining  walls  were  demolished,  and  the  blood-stained 
victors,  planting  their  ensigns  by  the  Beautiful  Corinthian  Gate,  offered  sac- 
rifices of  triumph  and  saluted  their  general  as  Imperator. 

The  last  act  of  this  awful  tragedy  was  as  brief  as  it  was  bloody.  The  upper 
city  on  Mount  Zion  still  remained  in  the  hands  of  Simon  and  John.  But 
famine  and  desertion  had  greatly  reduced  their  strength,  and  these  indomi- 
table spirits  were  forced  to  ask  a  parley.     The  interview  between  them  and 


THE    SIEGE.  39 

the  Roman  commander  was  held  at  the  bridge,  they  occupying  the  western 
end,  and  Titus  with  an  interpreter  the  eastern.  He  began  by  expostulating 
with  them  for  their  obstinacy,  which  had  compelled  him  to  destroy  their 
temple  and  the  greater  part  of  their  city,  and  ended  by  offering  them  their 
lives  if  they  would  surrender.  They  haughtily  replied  that  they  were  un- 
der oath  never  to  surrender,  but  they  would  retire  into  the  wilderness  and 
leave  the  city  to  him.  This  proposal  in  persons  so  situated  he  deemed  an 
insult,  and  answered  sternly  that  thereafter  he  would  receive  no  terms 
and  no  deserters,    and  bade  them  prepare  for  the  worst. 

Immediately  he  began  the  erection  of  his  banks,  —  two  in  the  Tyropceon, 
in  the  rear  of  the  temple,  and  two  against  the  western  wall  opposite  the 
palace  of  Herod.  After  eighteen  days  hard  labor,  the  latter  were  completed, 
and  the  engines  began  to  play.  The  defenders  offered  but  little  resistance ; 
some  fled  into  the  three  great  towers,  Hippicus,  Phasaelus,  and  Mariamne, 
some  hid  under  ground,  and  those  who  stood  to  their  post  were  too  weak 
from  hunger  and  despair  to  fight  with  their  accustomed  vigor.  Soon  a 
breach  was  made,  and  the  Romans  came  pouring  in.  At  this  moment 
Simon  and  John  abandoned  the  towers  and  made  a  last  desperate  rush  to 
Siloam  (No.  1 2),  and  across  the  valley  of  Hinnom  (C),  against  the  circum- 
vallation  on  the  southern  hill,  but  were  beaten  back  with  dreadful  slaughter. 
The  remnant  fled  and  secreted  themselves  in  the  caves  and  vaults  as  they 
best  could.  Meanwhile  the  Romans  had  taken  the  towers,  and  rushing 
thence  through  the  city,  slew  all  they  met,  sparing  neither  sex  nor  age.  The 
houses  were  robbed  and  set  on  fire.  Next  day  Titus  ordered  that  only 
armed  persons  should  be  slain  ;  all  others  were  reserved  as  slaves.  The 
caves  were  searched,  and  thousands  who  had  flad  thither  murdered  or  made 
captives.  Then  Titus  gave  orders  to  raze  the  whole  city  to  the  ground, 
sparing  only  the  western  wall  of  Herod's  palace,  to  serve  as  a  protection  to 
the  troops  he  proposed  to  leave  there,  and  Herod's  three  great  towers,  to 
show,  as  he  said,  to  the  world  what  had  been  the  strength  of  that  city 
which  only  Roman  valor  could  subdue. 

Thus  ended  a  siege  in  which,  according  to  Josephus,  one  million  one  hun- 
dred thousand  Jews  perished,  and  ninety  seven  thousand  were  made  prison- 
ers. Of  the  latter,  some,  including  Simon  and  John,  were  reserved  to  grace 
the  victor's  triumph  at  Rome  ;  a  large  number  were  distributed  among  the 
theaters  to  fight  as  gladiators  or  with  wild  beasts  ;  many  were  condemned  for 
life  to  labor  on  the  public  works  in  Egypt ;  and  the  rest  sold  as  slaves. 

So  were  fulfilled  the  words  of  the  Lord :  "  These  be  the  days  of  vengeance, 


40 


JERUSALEM. 


that  all  things  which  are  written  may  be  fulfilled.  For  there  shall  be  great 
distress  in  the  land  and  wrath  upon  this  people.  And  they  shall  fall  by  the 
edge  of  the  sword,  and  shall  be  led  away  captive  into  all  nations,  and 
Jerusalem  shall  be  trodden  down  of  the  Gentiles,  until  the  times  of  the 
Gentiles  be  fulfilled."    Luke  21  :22-24. 


Medal  of  Vespasian,  commemorating  the  capture  of  Jerusalem. 


MODERN    HISTORY.  41 

VI. 

MODERN  HISTORY  OF  JERUSALEM. 

The  destruction  of  the  Sacred  City  by  Titus  was  not  total.  The  western 
wall  and  the  three  great  towers  attached  to  Herod's  palace  were  left  stand- 
ing, the  former  for  the  protection  of  the  troops  stationed  there  after  the 
catastrophe,  and  the  latter  as  monuments  of  the  invincible  valor  of  the  Ro- 
man armies.  We  have  no  evidence  that  either  Jews  or  Christians  were 
then  forbidden  to  return  to  the  city  and  make  for  themselves  habitations 
among  the  ruins.  Jerome  expressly  says  that  "  remains  of  the  city  existed 
for  fifty  years,  until  the  reign  of  Hadrian."  x 

Nor  was  the  turbulent  spirit,  of  the  Jews  extinguished  by  the  terrible 
chastisement  they  had  received.  Many  who  had  been  left  in  Palestine,  or 
had  returned  thither  from  their  first  exile,  were  for  their  seditious  conduct 
banished  by  the  emperor  Hadrian  to  various  distant  colonies,  and  as  a  final 
means  of  holding  the  nation  in  check  he  undertook  the  rebuilding  of  Jeru- 
salem itself  as  a  Roman  fortress.  This  kindled  the  fiercest  resentment  of 
the  Jews,  who  could  not  bear  that  foreigners  should  dwell  in  their  city,  or 
that  strange  gods  should  be  worshiped  there.  Suddenly  a  bold  and  artful 
leader  appeared,  calling  himself  Bar-Cochbas,  the  "  Son  of  a  Star,  "and  claim- 
ing to  be  the  Messiah,  the  "  Star  out  of  Jacob,"  predicted  by#  Balaam.2  He 
raised  the  signal  of  revolt  ;  every  where  both  in  Judaea  and  in  more  distant 
provinces  the  Jews  sprang  to  arms,  and  speedily  the  pretended  prophet 
found  himself  at  the  head  of  200,000  men.  Jerusalem  was  wrested  from  the 
Romans,  and  nearly  all  the  fortified  cities  and  villages  in  the  land  recovered. 
Hadrian  was  obliged  to  put  forth  the  entire  strength  of  the  empire  to  sub- 
due the  revolt.  For  cruelty  and  bloodshed  the  war  was  scarcely  inferior  to 
that  carried  on  by  Titus.  Jerusalem  was  again  retaken  ;  the  insurgents  shut 
up  in  Bether,  a  place  whose  site  is  unknown,  but  not  far  distant ;  and  after 
a  most  bloody  siege  were  captured  and  massacred,  A.  D.  135.  Not  less  than 
580,000  men  were  slain  in  this  war,  besides  all  that  perished  by  famine  and 
disease.  Vast  numbers  were  carried  off  to  Egypt  as  slaves,  and  by  an  im- 
perial decree  the  Jews  were  forbidden  ever  again  dwelling  in,  or  even  ap- 
proaching their  holy  city.  The  emperor's  purpose  in  regard  to  the  latter 
was  now  carried  out.  A  temple  to  Jupiter  was  built  on  the  site  of  the 
ancient  sanctuary,  and  another  to  Venus  upon  the  reputed  sepulcher  of  Christ. 

1  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  366.       *  Num.  24 :  17. 


42  JERUSALEM. 

A  Roman  colony  was  established  there,  and  the  very  name  of  the  city  changed 
to  Colonia  ALlia  Capitolina,  in  honor  both  of  the  emperor  whose  praenomen 
was  yElius,  and  of  the  god  Jupiter  Capitolinus  who  was  made  the  presiding 
deity  of  the  place. 

For  the  next  two  centuries  till  the  time  of  Constantine  the  Great 
(A.  D.  306-337)  little  is  known  of  Jerusalem.  The  Christians,  who  seem 
not  to  have  shared  in  the  sentence  of  banishment  imposed  upon  the  Jews, 
returned,  it  is  said,  from  Pella,  whither  they  had  fled  before  the  siege  of  Titus. 
Twenty-three  of  their  bishops  are  enumerated,  of  whom  one  founded  a 
library  in  Jerusalem  ;  but  of  most,  little  besides  their  names  is  known.  In  the 
latter  part  of  this  period  the  practice  of  making  pilgrimages  to  the  Holy 
Land  had  sprung  up,  among  the  most  memorable  of  which  was  that  of  Helena, 
the  mother  of  Constantine  (A.  D.  326),  under  whose  auspices  were  built  the 
churches  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher,  of  the  Nativity  at  Bethlehem,  of  the  Ascen- 
sion on  Mount  Olivet,  and  according  to  tradition  many  others.1 

In  A.  D.  360,  the  emperor  Julian,  who  had  been  educated  as  a  Christian 
but  subsequently  relapsed  into  Paganism,  came  to  the  throne.  His  hatred  of 
the  religion  he  had  abandoned  was  equal  to  the  zeal  of  Constantine  in  its 
behalf.  He  wrote  against  it,  and  for  the  purpose  of  falsifying  the  predictions 
of  our  Lord,  undertook  to  rebuild  the  temple  at  Jerusalem,  and  restore  the 
ancient  worship.  The  Jews,  at  his  invitation,  flocked  to  the  city  from  every 
land,  and  contributed  freely  of  their  wealth  to  aid  the  undertaking.  Scarcely, 
however,  had  the  ancient  foundations  been  uncovered  when  the  work  was 
supernaturally  interrupted.  Flames  of  fire,  it  is  said,  burst  forth  from  the 
ground  with  loud  explosions,  and  attacked  the  laborers  as  often  as  they  at- 
tempted to  renew  their  work,  compelling  them  to  desist,  and  at  length  to  aban- 
don the  rash  undertaking  altogether.  Shortly  afterward  the  emperor  was 
himself  slain  in  a  war  with  the  Persians,  and  the  brief  period  of  prosperity 
and  hope  which  the  Jews  had  enjoyed  was  suddenly  extinguished.2 

Justinian,  who  became  emperor  in  A.  D.  527,  was  a  stanch  supporter  of 
Christianity.  He  built  numerous  churches  in  all  parts  of  the  empire,  of  which 
one  of  the  most  celebrated  was  that  in  honor  of  the  Virgin  on  the  ancient 
site  of  Solomon's  Palace,  —  now  the  Mohammedan  mosk  of  El-Aksa.3  Tenor 
eleven  monasteries  were  also  founded  by  him  in  and  around  Jerusalem  and 
Jericho,  with  several  hospices,  or  places  of  entertainment  for  pilgrims  during 
their  visits  to  the  holy  city.  This  was  the  golden  age  of  pilgrimages  and 
relics      Monks  abounded  ;  "  in  every  cave  was  a  hermit,  on  every  mountain 

1  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I.  p.  372-375.    See  No.  45  in  the  description  of  localities  in  the  Modern  City.         '  Gibbon's 
Decline  and  Fall,  chaps,  xxii.-xxiv.        3  Modern  Jcr.  No.  16. 


MODERN   HISTORY.  43 

side  the  desolate  dwelling  of  some  recluse  ;  and  the  air  was  heavy  with  the 
groans  of  those  who  tortured  the  flesh  in  order  to  save  the  soul."1 

In  A.  D.  614  the  Persians  who  had  long  carried  on  a  war  against  the 
declining  empire  of  Rome  invaded  Syria,  and,  joined  b.y  the  Jews  of  Galilee, 
took  Jerusalem  by  storm,  murdered  thousands  of  the  clergy  and  the  monks, 
and  demolished  or  burned  the  churches  ;  among  them,  that  of  the  Holy 
Sepulcher.2  Their  possession  of  the  city,  however,  was  brief ;  the  emperor 
Heraclius  a  few  years  afterward  put  their  monarch  to  flight,  and  drove 
them  back  to  the  East. 

Scarcely  had  Jerusalem  recovered  from  this  invasion  when  it  was  sub- 
jected to  another  still  more  disastrous.  In  A.  D.  636  it  was  besieged  by 
the  Kalif  Omar,  with  a  victorious  army  of  Mohammedans  which  had  al- 
ready overrun  Arabia,  Egypt,  and  Syria,  and  after  a  long  and  bloody  con- 
flict was  compelled  to  surrender,  only,  however,  on  condition  that  the  in- 
habitants should  be  secured  as  to  their  lives,  their  families,  their  property, 
and  their  churches.  Yet,  notwithstanding  this  remarkable  clemency,  Jeru- 
salem was  at  once  made  a  Mohammedan  city.  The  mosk  which  bears  the 
name  of  the  Kalif  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  temple,  and  from  that 
day  to  the  present,  with  brief  exceptions  under  the  Crusaders,  the  crescent 
has  dominated  over  the  cross,  and  only  by  sufferance  has  Jew  or  Christian 
dwelt  or  even  set  foot  in  the  place  endeared  to  both  by  the  holiest  memo- 
ries of  their  faith. 

In  A.  D.  1096  began  those  remarkable  expeditions  which  for  two  centu- 
ries engaged  the  efforts  of  the  Christian  world,  known  as  the  crusades. 
Peter  the  Hermit  having  returned  from  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  pro- 
claimed throughout  western  Europe  the  story  of  the  barbarities  inflicted 
upon  Christians  by  the  Mohammedans.  At  that  time  the  Saracens  in  Pal- 
estine had  been  supplanted  by  a  wild  race  of  Turks,  who,  lacking  the 
superior  cultivation  and  more  humane  sentiments  of  the  former,  plundered 
and  oppressed  their  Christian  subjects,  and  even  the  pilgrims  who  flocked 
thither  from  distant  lands.  Enforced  by  the  impassioned  eloquence  and  the 
reputed  sanctity  of  Peter,  the  tale  of  the  wrongs  inflicted  on  their  brethren 
thrilled  in  the  ears  of  all  Europe.  The  Greek  emperor,  Alexis  Comnenus, 
sent  letters  to  the  princes  of  the  West  imploring  their  aid.  The  Pope  es- 
poused the  cause *and  issued  his  bull  calling  upon  all  good  Christians  to 
join  in  the  holy  work  of  expelling  the  infidels  from  Palestine.  Accord- 
ingly, in  the  spring  of  1096  an  immense  army  or  rather  rabble  of  soldiers, 

1  City  of  Herod  and  Saladin,  p.  62.        »  Modern  Jerusalem,  No.  45. 


44  JERUSALEM. 

priests,  peasants,  women,  and  children,  set  forth  in  four  great  divisions  for 
the  Holy  Land.  Such  an  array  had  never  been  seen  before.  Assured  of 
the  certain  protection  of  heaven,  and  a  full  pardon  for  all  their  sins  in  this 
world  and  the  world  to  come,  they  took  care  that  the  debt  should  in  nowise 
fall  short  of  the  grace.  The  wildest  excesses  were  indulged  ;  plunder,  license, 
and  murder,  marked  their  path.  Led  sometimes  by  an  "  inspired  "  goat, 
and  sometimes  by  a  goose,  they  wandered  over  the  plains  of  Hungary  and 
Bulgaria,  committing  such  crimes  and  follies  that  the  land  could  not  endure 
their  presence.  The  king  of  Hungary  attacked  and  massacred  them  with- 
out mercy,  the  very  course  of  the  Danube  being  choked  with  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  slain.  The  remnant  of  this  host  that  finally  reached  Asia 
Minor  were  fallen  upon  by  the  Turks,  and  all  but  3000,  who  had  shut  them- 
selves into  a  fortress  on  the  seacoast,  perished.1 

Meanwhile,  another  expedition  was  in  preparation  more  worthy  of  the 
purpose  in  view.  Armies  were  gathered  of  disciplined  soldiers  and  knights, 
under  the  lead  of  the  renowned  chieftains,  Godfrey  de  Bouillon  and  his 
brothers,  Eustace  and  Baldwin,  Robert  of  Normandy,  Hugh  Vermandois, 
Raymond  of  Toulouse,  Bohemond,  and  Tancred.  They  began  their  march 
in  August  1096,  and  passed  by  the  way  of  Constantinople  into  Asia  Minor  ; 
and  after  innumerable  battles  and  sieges,  and  the  most  terrible  sufferings 
from  famine  and  disease,  a  heroic  remnant  of  the  mighty  host  reached  and 
laid  siege  to  Jerusalem  in  June,  1099.  Both  the  attack  and  defense  were 
conducted  with  the  most  sanguinary  valor,  but  the  Crusaders,  being  rein- 
forced by  a  Genoese  fleet  which  opportunely  arrived  at  Joppa  bringing  not 
only  provisions,  but  artificers  and  carpenters  and  the  materials  for  con- 
structing military  engines,  were  enabled  to  take  the  city  by  storm  on  the 
15  th  of  July.  The  capture  was  followed  by  a  general  massacre.  The  Jews 
who  had  fled  to  their  synagogues  were  burned  alive  with  those  buildings. 
The  Mohammedans  were  put  to  the  sword,  the  chroniclers  boasting  that  in 
the  sacred  temple  area  the  knights  rode  in  blood  up  to  the  knees  of  their 
horses.  "The  true  cross,  which  had  been  hidden  by  the  Christians  during 
the  siege,  was  brought  forth  again,  and  carried  in  joyful  procession  round 
the  city,  and  for  ten  days  the  soldiers  gave  themselves  up  to  murder,  plun- 
der, and  —  prayers  !  "2 

The  Christian  kingdom  cf  Jerusalem,  instituted  immediately  after  the 
capture  of  the  city,  continued  eighty-eight  years,  when  Jerusalem  was  re- 
taken by  the  Saracens  under  the  celebrated  Saladin,  in   1187.     That  catas- 

1  City  of  llcrod  and  Saiadin.  pp.  141-154.         *  Ibid,  p.  1S9. 


MODEEN"    HISTORY.  45 

trophe  roused  all  Europe  again,  and  a  third  great  army  led  by  King  Richard 
the  Lion-hearted,  of  England,  and  Philip  of  France,  set  forth  for  the  Holy 
Land.  But  neither  this,  nor  the  next  which  followed,  succeeded  in  recov- 
ering the  prize  which  had  been  lost.  Innumerable  battles  were  fought,  both 
by  land  and  sea ;  perpetually  recurring  quarrels  broke  out  among  the  Crusa- 
ders themselves  ;  the  noblest  achievements  of  chivalry,  and  the  darkest 
crimes  of  barbarism,  alternated  in  the  bloody  annals  of  those  times. 

In  1 2 12  occurred  that  most  astonishing  event  in  that  astonishing  age, 
the  "  Children's  Crusade."  A  mad  priest  named  Nicolas  went  about  France 
and  Germany,  calling  upon  the  children  to  do  what  their  fathers  had  failed 
to  perform.  He  promised  that  the  sea  should  divide  to  afford  them  a  pas- 
sage, that  the  infidels  should  flee  in  terror  before  them,  and  that  God  would 
grant  to  them  what  he  had  denied  to  others  whose  lives  had  been  stained 
with  impurity,  to  recover  for  Christ  his  cross  and  sepulcher.  The  infection 
caught,  and  many  thousands  of  boys  and  girls  enlisted.  The  ridicule  of 
wiser  persons,  the  opposition  and  entreaties  of  their  parents,  prevailed  noth- 
ing. Without  provisions  or  money,  they  set  forth  singing  hymns  and  waving 
branches  as  if  already  victors.  One  division  from  Germany  crossed  the 
Alps  to  Genoa,  subsisting  on  the  charity  of  the  towns  through  which  they 
passed,  multitudes  perishing  by  the  way  through  sickness  or  fatigue.  But 
the  sea  did  not  open  for  them  ;  they  wandered  along  the  shores  several 
days,  and  at  last,  despairing  and  disheartened,  a  remnant,  barefooted  and  in 
rags,  returned  home.  The  French  division  went  to  Marseilles,  where  two 
kidnappers  engaged  in  furnishing  Christian  slaves  for  the  Alexandrian  mar- 
ket, with  a  great  show  of  generosity  and  love  of  religion,  undertook  to  give 
them  a  free  passage  to  the  Holy  Land.  Seven  ship-loads  of  the  happy  lit- 
tle enthusiasts  set  forth  ;  two  of  them  were  lost  at  sea ;  the  remainder 
reached  Alexandria,  where  the  children  were  sold  in  the  public  market,  the 
Sultan  of  Cairo  buying  forty  of  the  boys.  Little  notice  seems  to  have  been 
taken  of  this  strange  affair  in  Europe,  and  slight  mention  is  made  of  it  in 
history.1 

The  Fifth  Crusade  (i  2 17-1237),  was  led  in  part  by  Andrew,  king  of  Hun- . 
gary,  and  in  part  by  Frederic  II.  emperor  of  Germany.  The  former  ac- 
complished nothing  worthy  of  note.  The  latter  was  not  only  an  accom- 
plished soldier,  but  a  scholar,  also,  and  poet,  and  artist.  Instead  of  fighting 
the  Saracens  he  invited  them  to  his  camp  and  court ;  entertained  their 
learned  men  with  questions  of  science ;  and  actually  won  the  hearts  of  the 

1  City  of  Herod  and  Saladin,  pp.  447-450. 


46  JERUSALEM. 

Moslem  chieftains,  so  that  they  entered  into  a  treaty  with  him  for  a  joint 
occupancy  of  Jerusalem  by  Monammedans  and  Christians.  The  former 
were  to  retain  the  Mosk  of  Omar,  with  the  right  to  maintain  their  worship 
there  ;  the  latter  to  have  the  Holy  Sepulcher,  and  the  churches,  and  both 
parties  to  be  under  their  own  government  and  laws.  But  the  Pope,  jealous 
of  the  courtly  monarch,  who  had  won  by  mildness  and  address  what  the 
fanatical  warriors  who  had  preceded  him  had  failed  to  achieve,  repudiated 
the  treaty,  disowned  the  possession  of  the  city,  forbade  the  rites  of  Chris- 
tian worship  there,  and  even  excommunicated  the  emperor  and  all  who  ad- 
hered to  him.  At  the  expiration  of  the  treaty,  which  by  its  terms  was 
limited  to  ten  years,  hostilities  were  resumed,  and  continued  through  a  half 
century  further,  during  which  period  a  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth  crusade 
followed,  with  the  same  dreary  succession  of  valor  and  cowardice,  heroism 
and  crime,  victory  and  defeat,  inflicting  untold  miseries  both  on  Europe  and 
Asia,  till  the  year  1291,  when  the  stronghold  of  Acre,  the  last  Christian 
possession  in  Palestine,  was  taken  by  the  Saracens,  and  the  wars  of  the 
crusades  were  ended. 

Of  the  occupation  of  Jerusalem  by  the  Crusaders  there  are  few  existing 
traces.  Numerous  churches  and  convents  were  built  by  them,  but  the  latter 
have  wholly  disappeared,  and  of  the  former,  save  the  Church  of  the  Sep- 
ulcher, only  some  ruins  remain.  The  site  once  occupied  by  the  spacious 
hospital,  or  palace  of  the  knights  of  St.  John,  is  an  open  field  in  the  heart 
of  the  city,  known  as  the  "  Muristan."1  Only  a  few  foundation  stones 
and  broken  arches  now  exist  to  testify  to  its  former  solidity  and  splendor. 
A  portion  of  the  Church  of  St.  Mary  (now  the  mosk  El-Aksa,  No.  16),  was 
assigned  by  King  Baldwin  II.  to  a  new  order  of  knights,  who  from  their 
residence  on  the  temple  area  took  the  appellation  of  "  Knights  Templars," 
and  who  became  so  famous  in  the  mediaeval  history  of  Europe. 

Since  the  crusades  Jerusalem  has  been  almost  literally  without  a  history. 
In  15 17  it  fell  under  the  sway  of  the  Ottoman  power,  with  Syria  and  Egypt, 
and  has  shared  the  fortunes  in  general  of  that  empire.  The  Sultan  Sulei- 
man rebuilt  its  walls  in  1542,  as  they  remain  at  this  day.  In  1832  it  be- 
came subject  to  the  Pasha  ofEgypt,  but  reverted  again  to  the  Sultan  eight 
years  afterward. 

The  present  population  of  the  city  is  estimated  at  about  16,000;  but 
this  number  is  considerably  larger  at  Easter,  at  the  time  of  the  annual 
visit  of  the   pilgrims.      Of  the  resident  inhabitants   some  6000  are  Mo- 

1  Ordnance  Survey. 


MODERN    HISTORY. 


47 


hammedans,  5000  Christians  of  various  sects,  Latin,  Greek,  Armenian, 
Syrian,  Coptic,  etc.,  and  4000  Jews.  Each  of  these  classes  occupies  for  the 
most  part  its  own  separate  quarter ;  the  Jews  the  eastern  slope  of  Zion,  the 
Armenians  the  western,  the  Latin  and  Greek  Christians  Akra,  and  the  Mo- 
hammedans Bezetha.  The  streets  of  the  city  are  narrow  and  crooked,  often 
mere  lanes  roofed  over,  and  in  the  night  dark  and  dangerous.  The  only 
places  of  traffic  are  in  the  bazars,  which  are  situated  upon  the  Damascus 
Street,  and  a  few  narrow  lanes  adjacent. 

The  accompanying  cut  presents  a  very  curious  plan  of  Jerusalem,  made 
during  the  crusades  in  the  12th  century.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  tradi- 
tional localities  are  much  the  same  as  at  present,  except  that  the  Gate  of 
Damascus  was  then  called  St.  Stephen's  Gate,  and  the  one  now  bearing  this 
name  was  called  the  Gate  of  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat.  A  street  is  also 
shown  as  separating  the  "  templum  "  from  the  "  claustrum,"  i.  e.  the  palace 
of  Solomon. 


Plan  of  Jerusalem  iu  the  12th  Century. 


\  Hi 


O 


■iW- 


*n 


\7 


J  iBI 


m  im 


REFER  ENCES. 


49 


REFERENCES     TO     KEY-PLATE,     NO.     II. 


I. 

The  Mount  of  Olives. 

36. 

2. 

The  Valley  of  Kidron. 

37- 

3- 

The  Garden  of  Gethsemane. 

38. 

4 

Place  of  the  Stoning  of  Stephen. 

39- 

5- 

Tomb  of  Absalom. 

40. 

6. 

Fountain  of  the  Virgin. 

41. 

7- 

Mohammedan  Burying  Place. 

42. 

8. 

Ophel. 

43- 

9- 

The  Haram  Walls. 

44. 

10. 

The  Golden  Gate. 

45- 

ii. 

The  Triple  Gate. 

46. 

12. 

The  Double  or  Huldah  Gate. 

47- 

13- 

The  Cradle  of  Jesus. 

48. 

14. 

The  Mobk  of  Omar. 

49- 

IS- 

Dome  of  the  Chain. 

50. 

16. 

Mosk  El-Aksa. 

5i- 

17- 

The  Temple  Area. 

52- 

18. 

Pool  of  Siloam. 

53- 

19. 

Valley  of  the  Tyropoeon. 

54 

20. 

Gate  of  the  Mugrabins. 

55- 

21. 

Robinson's  Arch. 

56. 

22 

Jews'  Wailing  Place. 

57- 

23- 

Shambles. 

58. 

24. 

Dwellings  of  the  lepers. 

59- 

25 

Greek  Nunnery  of  St.  George. 

60. 

26. 

Zion's  Gate. 

61. 

27. 

House  of  Caiaphas. 

62. 

28. 

Tomb  of  David,  and  Ccenaculum. 

63- 

29. 

St.  Peter's  Cave. 

64. 

3°- 

Armenian  Convent. 

65. 

3i- 

Barracks  for  Soldiers. 

66. 

32, 
33- 

>    Jewish  Synagogues. 

67. 
68. 

34 

The  English  Church. 

69. 

35 

English  Hospital  and  Dispensary. 

70. 

Syrian  Church  of  St.  James. 

Citadel  and  Tower  of  David. 

The  Jaffa  Gate. 

Street  of  David. 

Peter's  Prison. 

Bathsheba's  Pool. 

Coptic  Convent. 

Palace  of  the  Hospitalers. 

Castle  of  Goliath. 

Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulcher. 

Greek  Nunnery. 

Latin  Convent. 

Via  Dolorosa. 

Hospital  of  Helena. 

House  of  Dives. 

Tower  of  Psephinus. 

Khan  for  Pilgrims  from  India. 

College  for  Blind  Dervishes. 

Residence  of  the  Pasha. 

Damascus  Gate. 

Arch  of  Ecce  Homo. 

The  Serai 

Chapel  of  the  Crown  of  Thorns. 

Mosk  of  Dervishes. 

Convent,  Schools,  Cells 

College  of  Blind  Dervishes. 

Minaret  Ben  Israel. 

Ruined  Church. 

Pool  of  Bethesda. 

St.  Stephen's  Gate. 

Church  of  St.  Anne. 

Gate  of  Herod. 

Tombs  of  the  Kings. 

Scopus. 

Neby  Samwil. 


50 


JERUSALEM. 


VII. 

MODERN    JERUSALEM. 


DESCRIPTION    OF    LOCALITIES,    WITH    REFERENCES    TO    KEY    PLATE,    NO.    II. 


The  figures  at  the  right  of  the  names  refer  to  those  numbers  on  the 
Plate  (No.  I),  of  Ancient  Jerusalem,  where  will  be  found  fuller  descriptions. 


1.  The  Mount  of  Olives.  (A).  The 
point  of  view  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  the  other 
picture,  except  that  it  is  much  nearer  and 
lower  down  the  mount.  In  the  foreground  are 
groups  of  travelers  encamped,  and  of  natives, 
resting,  bargaining,  etc.  The  costumes  of  the 
latter  are  particularly  worthy  of  note. 

2.  The  Valley  of  Kidron,  or  Je- 
hoshaphat,  (B). 

3.  The  Garden  of  Gethsemane.  (8.) 

4.  The  alleged  place  of  the  stoning 

Of  Stephen,  the  first  Christian  martyr.1 

5.  The  Tomb  of  Absalom,  a  mon- 
ument of  ancient  date,  popularly  regarded 
as  the  pillar  erected  by  the  undutiful  son  of 
David  in  the  King's  Dale.  2  Sam.  18  :  18.  It 
is  about  24  feet  square,  cut  out  of  the  solid 
rock,  surmounted  by  a  conical  summit  of  ma- 
sonry, the  whole  reaching  about  50  feet  in  hight 
All  good  Jews,  Moslems,  and  Christians,  make 
it  a  rule  to  throw  a  stone  at  this  monument 
when  they  pass  it,  to  testify  their  abhorrence  of 
Absalom's  crimes.  There  are  three  other  re- 
markable ':ombs  near  by,  ascribed  respectively 
to  Zacharias,  Jehoshaphat,  and  St.  James.  In- 
deed, the  whole  eastern  side  of  the  valley  is 
honeycombed  with  ancient  rock-cut  sepulchers. 
The  Jews  in  all  ages  have  sought  to  make  their 
last  resting  place  in  this  sacred  ground,  believ- 
ing that  here  they  shall  meet  their  Messiah  in 
the  day  of  judgment. 

6.  Fountain  of  tho  Virgin.  (11.) 

7.  7.  Mohammedan  Burying  Place. 

The  western  side  of  the  valley  adjacent  to  the 
Sanctuary  Wall  is  the  favorite  burying  place  of 
the  Moslems,  who  desire  to  lie  near  their 
prophet  when  he  shall  appear  here  at  the 
judgment  day.     See  No.  9. 

8.  Ophel.    (E). 

1  Acts  7 :  58. 


9.  The  Haram  Walls.  (D).  The  pres- 
ent walls  of  Jerusalem,  as  appears  from  various 
inscriptions  upon  them,  were  built  by  Sultan 
Suleiman  in  1542.  They  had  been  several 
times  thrown  down  and  rebuilt  during  the  suc- 
cessive invasions  of  the  city  by  the  Romans, 
the  Saracens,  the  Crusaders,  and  the  Turks, 
and  are  now  in  general  in  good  condition,  though 
little  adapted  to  resist  modern  artillery.  The 
walls  upholding  the  ancient  temple  area  are  ap- 
parently older  than  the  others,  in  many  places, 
indeed,  showing  the  massive  stones  as  they 
were  laid  by  Herod  and  Solomon.  Most  of  the 
latter,  however,  are  buried  below  the  present 
surface  of  the  ground,  which  has  accumulated 
around  them  to  the  depth  of  from  fifty  to  a 
hundred  feet,  in  some  places  even  more.  The 
hight  at  the  south-eastern  corner,  is  now 
seventy-seven  feet,  rising  twelve  or  fifteen  above 
the  level  of  the   area  within. 

About  100  yards  north  of  this  corner,  is  an 
ancient  pillar,  built  crosswise  into  the  wall, 
one  end  of  which,  projecting  a  few  feet  near  the 
top,  is  regarded  by  the  Mussulmans  with  the 
utmost  veneration,  as  the  judgment  seat  upon 
which  Mohammed  will  sit  at  the  last  day  to  judge 
the  world,  who  will  be  assembled  in  the  valley 
below.  They  believe,  also,  that  there  is  a  bridge 
of  a  single  thread  of  silk  so  fine  as  to  be  invisi- 
ble to  mortal  eyes,  reaching  from  this  judgment 
seat  to  the  summit  of  Olivet,  over  which  the 
souls  of  the  faithful  pass  safely  to  Paradise. 

10.  The  Golden  Gate,  regarded  by  some 
as  the  same  with  the  Shushan  Gate  of  the  ancient 
temple  (Plate  I.  No.  15),  and  by  others  as 
probably  opening  into  the  court  of  the  Antonia 
(No.  87).  In  its  present  structure  it  is  evidently 
of  Roman  origin,  and  may  have  belonged  to  the 
temple  of  Jupiter,  built  by  Hadrian  about  A. 
D.  136.  Its  name  dates  from  the  time  of  the 
crusades,  and  was  probably  given  it  from   its 


MODERN  JERUSALEM. 


51 


supposed  connection  with  one  of  the  temple 
gates  which  was  covered  with  gold.  It  has  long 
been  walled  up,  the  Mohammedans  believing 
that  a  king  will  one  day  enter  by  it  to  seize  the 
city  and  become  Lord  of  the  whole  earth.1 

11.  The  Triple  Gate  (18),  now  closed. 

12.  The    Double  or    Huldah  Gate 

(19),  closed.  Against  the  middle  of  it  abuts 
the  city  wall  coming  up    from  the  south,   in 


which  also  is  an  old  gate,  adjacent  to  the  Double 
Gate,  which  is  likewise  walled  up. 

13.  The  Cradle  of  Jesus.  Two  small 
domes  in  the  south-eastern  angle  of  the  area 
cover  a  subterranean  apartment,  containing  a 
marble  trough  resembling  a  sarcophagus, 
which  bears  this  name.  From  this  room  there 
is  an  entrance  to  the  vaults  underneath  known 
as  "  Solomon's  Stables." 


Mosk  of  Omar. 


14.  The  Mosk  of  Omar,  so  called,  but 
properly  the  Kubbet  es  Sakhara,  or  "  Dome  of  the 
Rock."  In  A.  D.  637,  Jerusalem  was  captured  by 
the  Mohammedan  Arabs  under  the  famous  Kalif 
Omar.  He  inquired  of  the  Christian  patriarch 
where  was  the  "Sakhara,"  the  sacred  rock 
from  which,  according  to  the  Koran,  Moham- 
med had  ascended  to  heaven.  '  He  was  shown 
the  rock  now  called  by  that  name,  which  was 
then  covered  with  filth,  thrown  there  by  the 
Christians  to  spite  the  Jews.  He  pronounced 
it   the  very  spot  of  the  prophet's   ascent,  and 

1  Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I,  p.  323. 


proceeded  to  erect  over  it  a  dome  worthy  of  the 
place.  His  successor,  Abd-el-Melik  replaced 
this  by  the  existing  noble  structure,  A.  D.  688. 
It  is  octagonal  in  form,  170  feet  in  diameter,  the 
sides  half  way  up  incased  with  variegated  mar- 
bles, and  above  these  with  porcelain  tiles,  sur- 
mounted by  a  copper-sheathed  dome  pf  graceful 
proportions,  and  a  huge  bronze  crescent.  Im- 
mediately beneath  the  dome  is  the  sacred  rock, 
venerated  by  the  Jews  as  that  which  Jacob 
made  his  pillow,  and  named  Bethel,  the  "  house 
of  God ; "    as  the   spot  where  Abraham  built 


52 


JERUSALEM. 


the  altar  to  sacrifice  his  son  Isaac  ;  as  the  thresh- 
ing floor  of  Araunah,  the  Jebusite,  and  as  the 
site  of  the  Holy  of  Holies  of  the  temple  ;  and 
by  the  Mohammedans  as  the  rock  from  which 
their  prophet  went  to  Paradise,  which,  indeed, 
would  have  followed  him  had  not  Gabriel  held 
it  down  by  force,  and  which  they  believe  is  still 
suspended  in  the  air  without  any  support  It  is- 
an  irregularly  shaped  stone,  rising  about  five 
feet  above  the  floor  of  the  mosk,  sixty  feet  long 
by  fifty-five  wide.  Underneath  is  a  small  room 
about  eight  feet  high  and  fifteen  on  each  side, 
having  an  oval-shaped  hole  overhead,  and  an- 
other covered  by  a  slab  in  the  floor,  opening,  it 
is  said,  into  the  Bir  Arruah,  or  "  Well  of  Souls," 
the  entrance  to  Hades.  The  whole  edifice  stands 
upon  a  marble  platform,  measuring  550  by  450 
feet,  and  averaging  ten  feet  high,  to  which 
ascent  is  made  through  eight  elegant  Saracenic 
gates. 

15.  The  Dome  of  the  Chain,  or  Little 

Sakhara.  A  miniature  model  of  the  preceding, 
built  by  the  Kalif  as  a  pattern  by  which  to  con- 
struct it,  and  used  by  him,  it  is  said,  as  a  treas- 
ury for  the  safe  keeping  of  the  moneys  con- 
tributed by  the  faithfal  to  defray  the  expense. 

16.  Mosk  El-Aksa,  a  large  building  280 
feet  in  length,  and  183  in  breadth,  originally  the 
church  of  St  Mary,  built  by  the  Emperor  Jus- 
tinian about  A.  D.  540.  The  term  El-Aksa 
signifies  "  the  Remote,"  because  of  its  distance 
from  Mecca.  It  is  considered,  however,  not 
inferior  in  holiness  to  the  shrine  in  that  city, 
and  is  believed  to  be  in  the  exact  center  of 
the  earth.  In  the  time  of  the  Crusades,  the 
building  was  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  a  dor- 
mitory and  infirmary,  and  in  A.  D.  11 19,  King 
Baldwin  II.  assigned  it  as  the  residence  of  the 
knights,  who  from  that  circumstance  were  named 
the  Knights  Templars  of  Jerusalem. 

Adjacent  to  El-Aksa  on  the  west  is  a  mosk 
without  a  dome,  named  Abu  Bekr,  and  still 
further  west,  near  the  corner,  a  third  called  the 
Mosk  of  the  Mugrabins  or  West  African  ne- 
groes. 

17.  The  Temple  area,  called  the  Ha- 

ram  Esh  Sherif,  or  "  Noble  Sanctuary," 
(D).  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  slightly  de- 
clining to  the  south  and  east.  It  is  lowest  at 
the  Golden  Gate  (No.  10),  and  highest  at  the 
north-western  corner,  where  appears  the  native 
rock.  Trees  of  various  kinds,  the  aloe,  acacia, 
and  cypress  adorn  the  grounds,  some  of  the 
roots  of  which  even  penetrate  into  the  vaults 
beneath.  Along  the  northern  and  western  sides 
is  a  colonnade,  containing  apartments  for  relig- 
ious and  educational  purposes,  and  dormitories 


for  dervishes,  the  black  eunuchs  who  guard  the 
Haram,  etc  On  the  east  side,  midway  between 
the  Golden  Gate  and  the  north-eastern  corner 
is  shown  the  throne  of  Solomon.  Until  re- 
cently none  but  good  Mussulmans  were  per- 
mitted to  set  foot  in  this  sacred  enclosure,  but 
now  the  privilege  may  be  obtained  on  the  pay- 
ment of  a  handsome  fee. 

18.  The  Pool  of  Siloam.  (12). 

19.  Valley  of  the  Tyropoeon. 

20.  Gate  of  the  Mugrabins,  a  name 
given  to  the  African  Mohammedans  who  reside 
in  this  quarter.  The  gate  is  now  generally 
closed. 

21.  Eobinson's  Arch.  (35).  This  in- 
teresting fragment  of  the  ancient  Tyropoeon 
bridge  is  in  the  western  wall  of  the  Sanctuary 
area,  39  feet  distant  from  the  south-western 
corner.  A  fine  view  of  it,  and  of  the  wall  itself 
L>  given  in  our  frontispiece,  also  of  Capt.  War- 
ren's operations  in  exploring  this  valley.  See 
the  description  in  the  localities  of  ancient  Jeru- 
salem, No.  35.1 

22.  The  Jews'  Wailing  Place.  This, 
also,  is  in  the  western  wall,-  300-420  feet  from 
the  south-western  angle.  Here  the  huge  stones 
of  which  the  ancient  wall  was  constructed  are 
visible,  and  are  visited  by  the  Jewish  residents 
and  pilgrims  every  Friday,  to  bewail  the  deso- 
lation of  the  city  and  temple,  and  pray  for  their 
restoration. 

23.  Shambles  in  the  Jewish  quar- 
ter.    A  very  filthy  locality. 

24.  Dwellings  of  the  lepers. 

25.  Greek  Nunnery  of  St.  George. 

26.  Zion  Gate,  leading  out  to  the  southern 
portion  of  Zion,  which  is  now  outside  the  walL 

27.  The  traditional  house  of  Caia- 
phas.  (58). 

28.  The  Tomb  of  David,  and  Coena- 
culum.   (59). 

29.  St.  Peter's  Cave,  said  to  be  the  place 
where  he  "went  out  and  wept  bitterly."3 

30.  The   Armenian  Convent  of  St. 

James,  a  large  building  occupying,  with  its 
grounds,  several  acres,  and  capable  of  enter- 
taining 8000  pilgrims. 

31.  Barracks  for  Soldiers. 

32.  33.  Jewish  Synagogues. 

34.  The  English  Church,  situated  con- 
spicuously on  the  grounds  of  the  palace 
of  Herod  (60).  Attached  to  it  are  various 
offices,  gardens,  etc,  of  the  London  Jews' 
Society. 

»  Page  ai.        *  Barclay,  p.  493.         'Matt.  26:75. 


MODERN   JERUSALEM. 


'  58 


The  Jews'  Wailing-  Place. 


35.  The  English  Hospital  and  Dis- 
pensary, large,  well-managed,  and  liberally 
endowed. 

36.  The  Syrian  Church  of  St.  James ; 

an  ancient  church  now  in  ruins. 

37.  The  Citadel  and  Tower  of  Da- 
vid. The  citadel  is  a  fortress  dating  far  back 
in  the  middle  ages,  and  was  the  last  to  surren- 
der at  the  taking  of  the  city  by  the  Crusaders, 
in  A.  D.  1099.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  wall,  and 
is  protected  on  the  west  by  a  deep  fosse.  In 
its  north-eastern  corner  stands  the  ancient  tower 
bearing  the  name  of  David,  but  undoubtedly 
the  remains  of  one  of  the  three  great  towers  of 
Herod's  palace  (Plate  I,  No.  61).  Dr.  Rob- 
inson 1  thinks  it  was  Hippicus,  but  its  dimen- 
sions better  agree  with  those  of  Phasaelus.  Its 
sides  measure  70  by  56^  feet.  The  lower  part, 
50  feet  in  hight,  is  solid  and  is  built  of  large 
beveled  stones  similar  to  those  in  the  temple 
walls.  The  upper  portion  is  more  modern,  and 
has  an  entrance  leading  to  the  summit,  from 
which,  it  is  said,  a  portion  of  the  Dead  Sea  is 
visible. 

38.  The  Jaffa  Gate.  (65).  The  princi- 
pal entrance  to  the  city  for  travelers  from  the 
west.  Near  it  on  the  outside  is  the  custom 
house. 

39.  The    Street    of   David,    running 

down  from  the  Jaffa  Gate  to  the  Haram. 

40.  Peter's  Prison.    (71)- 

41.  Bathsheba's   Pool,  the  supposed 

site  of  the  house  of  Uriah.2 

*Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I,  p. 30S.       *2  Sam.  11 :  2. 


42.  Coptic  Convent. 

43.  Palace   of  the   Hospitalers   or 

Knights  of  St.  John,1  now  in  ruins. 
This,  with  the  square  on  which  it  stands,  was  a 
few  years  ago  presented  by  the  Sultan  to  Louis 
Napoleon.2 

44.  Castle  Of  Goliath,  so  called,  per- 
haps the  remains  of  the  Tqwer  of  Psephinus.3 

45.  The  Church  of  the  Holy  Sep- 
Ulcher.  In  the  year  A.  D.  326,  Helena,  the 
mother  of  the  Emperor  Constantine,  who  had 
in  her  old  age  been  converted  to  Christianity, 
made  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem.  During  her 
visit,  it  is  related  that  she  sought  to  discover 
the  site  of  Calvary  and  the  sepulcher  of  our 
Lord,  which  had  been  covered  with  earth  by 
the  enemies  of  Christianity.  With  the  aid  of 
a  special  revelation  her  search  was  successful ; 
the  sacred  sepulcher  was  found  and  near  by 
it  the  three  crosses  with  the  inscription  placed 
over  the  head  of  Jesus  by  Pilate.  The  true 
cross  on  which  he  had  suffered  was  distin- 
guished from  those  of  the  thieves  by  its.  power 
to  heal  an  incurable  disease.  Upon  the  spot 
thus  pointed  out,  she  caused  a  splendid  chapel 
or  oratory  to  be  built,  called  the  "  Church  of 
the  Anastasis  "  or  Resurrection,  having  a  large 
open  court  representing  the  garden  in  which 
the  sepulcher  had  stood.  On  the  east  of  this 
court  was  built  also  a  second  grand  church  or 
basilica,  named  the  Martyrion,  which  in  its 
turn,  had  before  it  another  court,  together  with 


1  See  Mod.  Hist,  of  Jer.  p.  46. 
449.        3  Lewin,  p.  168. 


*  Barclay,    p. 


54 


JERUSALEM. 


a  splendid  propylaa  or  vestibmle.  These  vari- 
ous edifices,  called  collectively  the  "  Temple," 
were  completed  and  dedicated  by  Constantine, 
in  the  year  A.  D.  335.1  In  614,  under  the 
Persian  monarch  Chosroes  II.,  they  were 
burned  by  a  mixed  army  of  Persians  and  Jews, 
but  were  rebuilt  a  few  years  afterward.  Again, 
in  A.  D.  969,  the  city  having  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  Arabs,  the  church  ol  the  Holy 
Sepulcher  was  burned  with  its  patriarch  John, 
and  in  A.  D.  1010,  the  building  was  razed  to 
its  foundations,  and  much  labor  expended  to 
deface  and  destroy  the  sepulcher  itself;  which, 
however,  the  monks  say,  was  miraculously 
rendered  invulnerable.  The  church  was  again 
rebuilt  in  1043,  and  enlarged  and  beautified 
by  the  Crusaders,  after  their  conquest  of  the 
city  in  1099.  Lastly,  in  1S0S,  the  greater 
part  of  the  building  was  consumed,  its  lamps 
and  chandeliers  melted,  its  ornamental  hang- 
ings scorched ;  but  as  before,  wonderful  to 
relate,  the  sacred  sepulcher  itself,  though  del- 
uged with  the  molten  lead  from  the  roof,  and 
surrounded  with  the  flames,  received  not  the 
slightest  injury  ! 2 

The  present  church  is  a  spacious  and  elegant 
structure  with  two  domes,  and  a  large  brick 
tower,  of  which  the  upper  portion  is  gone,  the 
Moslems  compelling  its  removal  because  they 
could  not  endure  that  the  cross  should  overtop 
the  crescent.  The  possession  of  the  interior 
is  divided  by  the  authority  of  the  Sultan,  be- 
tween the  Roman,  Greek,  and  Armenian 
churches,  with  a  small  chapel  or  two  allotcd  to 
the  Syrians  and  Copts,  while  other  portions 
are  permitted  to  be  used  by  all  in  common. 
The  Holy  Sepulcher  is  in  the  great  rotunda, 
under  the  western  dome,  the  Greek  chapel, 
within  which  is  the  exact  "center  of  the  world," 
is  under  the  eastern  dome,  and  Mt.  Calvary  in 
the  south-eastern  corner.  East  of  the  main 
building  is  the  chapel  of  St.  Helena,  and  in  a 
grotto  at  the  extreme  south-cast,  the  chapel 
of  the  cross,  marking  the  place,  where,  it  is  said, 
the  three  crosses  were  found.  The  Latin 
chapel  is  adjacent  to  the  rotunda  on  the  north. 
A  great  number  of  "  sacred  places  "  are  gath- 
ered within  the  precincts  of  this  church  the 
Stone  of  Unction,  where  our  Lord  was  washed 
and  anointed  for  burial,  the  place  where  Mary 
stood  while  this  was  being  done,  the  Pillar  of 
Flagellation  where  he  was  scourged,  the  spot 
where  he  appeared  to  Mary  Magdalene,  the 
Rock  of  Calvary,  the  holes  where  the  crosses 
were  erected,  the  cleft  in  the  rock  made  by  the 
earthquake,  etc.8 

»Bib.  Res.  Vol.   I,   pp.  373-377.         Barclay,  p. 
230.        '  Barclay,  p.  333.        *  Ibid.  pp.  233-338. 


"The  whole  pile  of  edifices  connected  to- 
gether is  350  feet  long,  from  '  Joseph's  Sepul- 
cher '  within  the  aisle  on  the  west  of  the  rotun- 
da, down  to  the  extremity  of  the  '  Chapel  of  the 
Invention '  on  the  east ;  and  it  is  not  less  than 
2S0  feet  from  the  south  wall  of  'St.  James's 
Chapel'  to  the  north  side  of  the  apartments 
belonging  to  the  Latins.  Within  this  vast 
inclosure  there  seems  to  be  no  end  to  aisles, 
windows,  stairways,  vaults,  tombs,  dark  recesses, 
chapels,  oratories,  altars,  concealed  relics, 
and  other  holy  'inventions.'  Verily,  nothing 
is  too  hard  for  stout-hearted  Credulity.  She 
not  only  removed  mountains,  but  wrought  im- 
possibilities of  transposition  and  aggregation. 
At  her  bidding  rocks  and  caves  and  distant 
localities  gathered  from  all  quarters  into  this 
temple,  as  the  wild  beasts  came  to  the  ark; 
and  having  got  therein,  it  is  very  difficult  to  get 
them  safely  out,  however  offensive  their  pres- 
ence may  be  to  the  eye  of  modern  research."1 

46.  Greek  Nunnery  and  Alms- 
house of  St.  Basil.2 

47.  Latin  Convent  of  St.  John,  in 

the  north-western  corner  of  the  city,  conspicu- 
ously erected  on  high  ground.3 

48.  The  Via  Dolorosa  (81). 

49.  Hospital  of  Helena.    A  huge  pile 

of  ruined  buildings,  containing  a  series  of  cham- 
bers richly  ornamented  in  the  Saracenic  style 
of  architecture.  It  is  now  used  as  a  soup  es- 
tablishment for  the  poor.4 

50.  Traditionary  House  of  Dives. 

51.  Site  of  tho  Tower  of  Psephi- 
nus.  This  was  an  octagonal  tower  105  feet 
high;  situated  at  the  north-western  corner  of 
the  city,  in  the  angle  of  the  third  or  outer  wall. 
Remains  of  the  foundations  are  visible  at  the 
present  day.5 

52.  Khan  for  Pilgrims  from  India.6 

53.  College  for  Blind  Dervishes.7 

54.  Residence  of  the  Pasha. 

55.  The  Damascus  Gate  (73)-  Prob- 
ably the  same  as  the  ancient  Old  Gate.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  it  bore  the  name  of  St.  Stephen's 
Gate,  and  the  place  of  that  martyr's  death  was 
shown  near  to  it,  but  the  name  and  locality 
were  in  the  fifteenth  century  transferred  to  the 
eastern  side  of  the  city,  as  they  are  found  at 
the  present  day.8 

56.  Arch  of  the  Ecce  Homo;  the 
alleged  place  where  Pilate   brought  forth  Jesus 

'Thomson's  Land  and  Book,  p.  67S.  Enj.  Ed. 
'Barclay,  p.  447.  3  Tbid .  p.  449.  *  Ibid.  p.  453. 
"Rob.  Bib.  Res.,  Vol.  I,  p.  309.  °  Barclay,  p.  453. 
7Ibid.        8 Bib.  Res.  Vol.  I,  pp.  330,  ,ai. 


MODERN    JERUSALEM. 


scourged  and  wearing  the  crown  of  thorns,  and 
said,  "  Behold  the  man  !  "  It  U  a  lofty  gate- 
way spanning  the  Via  Dolorosa,  with  a  narrow 
gallery  or  chamber  on  the  top.  The  arch  is 
comparatively  modern,  but  the  piers  have  the 
appearance  of  antiquity.  Dr.  Robinson  sug- 
gests that  it  is  a  remnant  of  the  ancient  second 
wall  of  the  city,  running  from  the  Damascus 
Gate  along  the  western  brow  of  Bezetha  to  An- 
tonia.1 

57.  The  Serai;  formerly  the  residence 
of  the  Turkish  governor,  now  used  as  a  barrack. 
A  fine  view  of  the  Haram  is  had  from  its  roof, 
and  until  recently  this  was  the  only  one  per- 
mitted to  foreigners. 

58.  Chapel  of  the  Crown  of  Thorns. 

59.  Mosk  of  Dervishes. 

60.  Convent,  Schools,  and  Cells. 

61.  College  of  Blind  Dervishes. 

62.  Minaret  Ben  Israel. 

63.  Ruined  Church.  The  traditionary 
site  of  the  house  of  Simon  the  Pharisee,2  where 
the  penitent  Mary  anointed  the  feet  of  Christ. 

64.  The  Pool  of  Bethesda,  (90),  now 

called  Birket  Israil.  This  is  a  reservoir,  360 
feet  in  length,  130  in  breadth,  and  75  in  depth, 
exclusive  of  the  rubbish  at  the  bottom,  which 
has  been  accumulating  for  centuries.  At  the 
western  end  two  large  arched  vaults  extend 
side  by  side,  about  130  feet,  under  the  adjacent 

'Bib.  Res.  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  172,  191.        2  Luke  7  : 
37-5°- 


houses.  The  sides  and  bottom  are  lined  with 
plaster  and  concrete,  showing  that  it  has  been 
used  as  a  tank  for  water,  but  in  the  opinion  of 
Dr:  Robinson,  "  there  is  not  the  slightest  evi- 
dence that  can  identify  it  with  the  Bethesda 
of  the  New  Testament."1  The  prevalent  be- 
lief of  the  best  authorities  is  that  it  was  a  fosse 
constructed  as  a  defense  of  Antonia  and  the 
temple  on  the  north. 

65.  St.  Stephen's  Gate,  called  also  by 
the  native  Christians  Bab  Sitti  M/rmm,  "Gate 
of  my  Lady  Mary,"  probably  with  reference  to  the 
church  and  tomb  of  the  Virgin  in  the  Kidron  be- 
low. In  the  Middle  Ages  it  was  called  the  "  Gate 
of  Jehoshaphat."  The  roads  to  the  Mount  of 
Olives,  Bethany,  and  Jericho,  lead  from  it.  It 
must  be  near  the  site  of  the  ancient  Sheep  Gate 
(Plate  I,  No.  93)  though  not  identical  with  it, 
as  the  modern  wall  at  this  place  was  not  then 
in  existence. 

66.  Church  of  St.  Anne;  originally 
built  by  the  Crusaders,  but  afterward  turned 
into  a  mosk.  It  is  said  to  be  now  the  property 
of  the  ex-emperor,  Louis  Napoleon. 

67.  Gate  of  Herod,  now  closed.  It 
probably  corresponds  nearly  to  the  ancient 
Gate  of  Benjamin  (85). 

68.  Tombs  of  the  Kings  (98). 

69.  Scopus  (97)- 

70.  Neby  Samwil  (99)- 

iBib.   Res.  Vol.  III.  p.  330. 


56 


JERUSALEM, 


VIII. 

RECENT     EXPLORATIONS     IN     JERUSALEM 


" 


Allusion  having  frequently  been  made  in  the  preceding 
pages  to  the  discoveries  effected  at  Jerusalem  in  connection 
with  recent  explorations,  it  may  interest  our  readers  to  be  fur- 
nished a  brief  account  of  those  explorations,  and  some  of  the 
results  to  which  they  have  led. 

The  original  purpose  for  which  they  were  undertaken  was 
to  improve  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  city.  From  having 
anciently  been  distinguished  for  the  salubrity  as  well  as  beauty 
of  its  position,  Jerusalem  had  become  in  modern  times  one  of 
the  most  unhealthy  cities  in  the  world.  The  cause  of  this 
change  was  believed  to  be  the  impurity  of  the  water,  and  the 
great  masses  of  rubbish  which  had  for  centuries  been  accu- 
mulating, together  with  insufficient  and  obstructed  sewerage. 
■  To  remedy  these  evils,  at  least  so  far  as  the  water  supply  was 
concerned,  it  was  proposed  to  repair  the  ancient  aqueducts, 
pools,  and  cisterns,  adding  new  ones  so  far  as  might  be  found 
necessary.  To  aid  in  the  preliminary  surveys,  a  donation  cf 
^500  was  made   by   the   distinguished   philanthropist,    Miss 


^^^^ 


^^$^^^^>;V>s   . 


RECENT   EXPLORATIONS.  57 

Burdett  Coutts ;  and  a  party  of  engineers  from  the  British  Ordnance  De- 
partment were  detached  for  that  service  under  the  command  of  Capt.  C.  W. 
Wilson. 

In  the  prosecution  of  this  work,  commenced  in  1864,  Capt.  W.  made  many- 
discoveries  which  awakened  a  deep  interest  in  the  minds  of  the  scholars  and 
antiquaries  of  Great  Britain,  and  led  to  the  organization  of  a  society  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Archbishop  of  York,  called  the  "  Palestine  Explora- 
tion Fund,"  "for  the  accurate  and  systematic  investigation  of  the  archaeology, 
topography,  and  physical  geography,  natural  history,  manners  and  customs 
of  the  Holy  Land,  for  Biblical  illustration."  In  1867  a  second  expedition 
was  sent  out  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Charles  Warren,  R.  E.,  which 
continued  the  explorations  begun  by  Capt.  Wilson,  and  made  many  others 
within  and  around  Jerusalem,  the  results  of  which  have  been  published  in 
the  handsome  octavo  volume  so  frequently  referred  to,  entitled  "  The  Re- 
covery cf  Jerusalem." 

Many  obstacles  impeded  the  work.  One  was  the  opposition  made  to  it 
by  the  Turkish  authorities.  Although  the  requisite  "  firmans  "  had  been 
obtained  from  the  sultan,  at  Constantinople,  the  pasha  still  found  pretexts 
for  objecting  to  the  researches,  especially  at  the  places  of  deepest  interest, 
as  the  sanctuary  wall  and  area.  Similar  hindrances  were  offered  by  the 
owners  of  houses  or  gardens,  near  which  it  was  desired  to  dig,  the  object 
in  most  cases  being  to  extort  "  buckshish  "  from  the  explorers.  It  was  dif- 
ficult to  find  men  who  were  willing  and  competent  to  do  the  requisite  labor, 
or  to  retain  them  when  once  engaged.  But  the  ingenuity  and  perseverance 
of  Capt.  Warren,  in  most  cases,  overcame  these  difficulties,  and  though 
the  work  was  incomplete,  a  large  amount  of  valuable  information  was  ob- 
tained relative  to  the  antiquities  of  the  city. 

The  explorations  were  carried  forward  mostly  by  shafts  and  mines  sunk 
in  the  vast  accumulations  of  rubbish  which  overlie  the  site  of  the  city. 
These  were  lined  by  plank  sheathing  to  prevent  the  loose  materials  from 
falling  in,  making  passages  from  two  to  four  feet  square.  Through  these 
the  earth  and  stones  were  drawn  out  in  baskets  by  means  of  a  rope  and 
pulley  as  seen  in  the  engraving  on  the  last  page.  This,  in  many  cases, 
was  exceedingly  dangerous  work.  "  We  were,"  says  Capt.  W.,  "  frequently 
subject  to  being  blown  up  by  the  loose  shingle  (i.  e.  fragments  of  stone,  or 
stone  chippings)  which  in  an  instant  would  destroy  our  galleries  ;  to  being 
smashed  by  the  large  pieces  of  masonry  which  lay  huddled  together  above 
us,  loosely  lying  one  over  the  other,  and  ready  to  collapse  at  the  slightest 


58  JERUSALEM. 

movement  beneath  them  ;  or  else  to  having  our  skulls  stove  in  by  the 
stones  and  iron  bars  which  the  fellahin  (native  laborers),  in  their  anxiety  to 
be  smart,  occasionally,  allowed  to  fall  back  on  us  from  the  mouth  of  the 
shafts."  Often,  too,  the  explorations  led  into  ancient  sewers,  cisterns,  and 
cess-pools  full  of  the  most  filthy  substances,  in  which  they  were  obliged  to 
work  sometimes  for  hours. 

The  dark  subterranean  passages  were  lighted  by  burning  magnesium 
wire  ;  and  a  forge  bellows  and  zinc  pipes  supplied  them  with  fresh  air  when 
necessary.  Gunpowder  was  used  in  some  cases,  but  for  the  most  part  it 
was  unsafe. 

The  results  of  these  investigations,  which  were  continued  with  great  zeal 
and  heroism  for  three  years,  have  in  part  been  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
descriptions  of  localities  in  the  ancient  and  modern  city.  A  more  summary 
view  of  them  is  given  here. 

i.  One  of  the  most  important  is  the  fact  of  the  great  amount  of  superin- 
cumbent rubbish  covering  all  parts  of  the  city.  No  other  city  in  the  world 
has  suffered  so  many  calamities  as  this.  It  has  been  besieged,  captured, 
and  devastated  more  than  twenty  times.  Its  palaces  of  marble  and  cedar 
have  been  burned,  and  their  calcined  walls  and  ashes  strewn  over  the  sites 
they  once  adorned.  The  depth  of  the  rubbish  around  the  temple  walls  is 
nearly  ioo  feet.  On  the  summit  of  Zion  it  is  40  feet,  along  the  Via  Dolo- 
rosa from  1 5  to  30.  This  fact  is  important  in  its  bearing  upon  the  genuine- 
ness of  many  of  the  "  holy  places."  It  is  obvious  that  buildings,  walls,  and 
streets  now  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  cannot  with  any  certainty  be 
identified  with  those  which  two  thousand  years  ago  occupied  sites  now 
buried  many  feet  below  the  surface. 

2.  The  statements  of  Josephus  have  been  verified,  respecting  the  hight 
of  the  temple  walls.  "  If  any  one,"  said  he,  "  looked  down  from  the  top  of 
the  battlements  he  would  be  giddy,  while  his  sight  could  not  reach  to  such 
an  immense  depth."1  This  had  been  regarded  as  a  great  exaggeration, 
prompted  by  national  vanity.  But  the  excavations  which  reveal  the  vast 
accumulations  of  rubbish  at  the  foot  of  the  walls  have  shown  this  impres- 
sion to  be  incorrect.  They  are  in  fact  at  this  day,  including  the  buried 
portions,  not  less  than  157  feet  above  their  foundations,  and  nearly  300 
above  the  ancient  bed  of  the  Kidron.  We  are  entirely  unable  to  conceive 
of  the  magnificence  of  the  sacred  edifice,  its  cloisters  like  the  naves  of 
Gothic  cathedrals,   surmounting   these   lofty   walls    making  a   quadrangle 

1  Ant.  xv.  11.5. 


RECENT    EXPLORATIONS .  59 

almost  iooo  feet  square,  and  inclosing  the  courts  rising  terrace  upon  terrace 
to  the  holy  house  itself,  which  rose  resplendent  in  marble  and  gold  from 
200  to  300  feet  higher  than  the  walls. 

3.  The  Bible  statement  as  to  the  employment  of  Phoenician  workmen, 
in  the  building  of  the  temple,  has  been  amply  substantiated.  The  marks 
of  those  workmen  have  been  preserved  on  the  stones  themselves  in  Phoe- 
nician characters.  The  red  paint  with  which  they  were  made  is  nearly  as 
fresh  as  when  put  there  3000  years  ago,  with  trickling  drops  still  visible 
as  they  fell  from  the  brush,  only  they  are  above  the  letters,  showing  that 
when  they  were  put  there  the  stones  lay  bottom  upward, 

4.  The  location  of  Solomon's  palace,  and  of  the  "  ascent  by  which  he  went 
up  into  the  house  of  the  Lord,"  has  been  probably  ascertained.  See  the 
.plan  of  the  temple  area,  D.,  page  18.  The  courses  of  stones  in  the  ancient 
walls  are  continuous  on  the  east  and  south  of  the  Sanctuary  area,  up  to  the 
Double  Gate  (No.  19,  underneath  the  Mosk  El-Aksa),  from  there  to  the 
south-western  corner  300  feet,  and  the  same  distance  on  the  western  side, 
the  stones  are  in  different  courses,  and  finished  with  a  style  of  beveling 
unlike  the  others.  Capt.  Warren's  inference  is  that  the  latter  are  less 
ancient  than  the  former.  He  assigns  them  to  the  time  of  Herod,  who  he 
believes  filled  out  this  corner  of  the  area,  ^300  feet  square  —  and  built 
upon  it  his  Royal  Porch  extending  across  the  whole  southern  border  of  the 
area,  from  the  Tyropceon  to  the  Kidron. 

5.  In  like  manner,  the  disputed  question  as  to  the  exact  location  of  the 
temple  itself  on  the  plateau  seems  to  have  been  settled.  It  has  been  main- 
tained by  Mr.  Fergusson,  the  distinguished  architect,  and  many  others, 
that  the  temple  occupied  a  square  of  600  feet  in  the  extreme  south-western 
angle  of  the  area ;  that  Antonia  was  near  the  central  part  where  now  is 
the  Mosk  of  Omar,  and  that  a  strip  300  feet  wide  along  the  eastern  border, 
was  outside  the  temple  wall.  All  these  positions  are  shown  to  be  errone- 
ous. The  temple  stood  in  the  center,  on  a  site  nearly  identical  with  the 
present  mosk ;  its  courts  covering  the  whole  width  of  the  area  to  the  Ki- 
dron wall. 

6.  The  conjecture  of  Dr.  Robinson  as  to  the  location  of  the  celebrated 
Tyropceon  Bridge  has  been  fully  verified  ;  the  piers  and  fallen  voussoirs  or 
arch-stones  of  the  bridge  discovered,  a  pavement  worn  by  the  feet  which 
passed  over  it  in  our  Lord's  time  disclosed,  and  under  all  this  the  remains 
of  a  still  more  ancient  roadway  and  bridge  dating  back,  undoubtedly,  to 
the  days  of  Solomon  and  constituting  a  part  of  the  splendid  passage  be- 


60  JERUSALEM. 

tween  the  temple  and  palace  of  David  on  Mt.  Zion.  The  discoveries  in 
this  part  of  the  Tyropceon  Valley  are  of  the  highest  interest  as  confirming 
the  statements  both  of  Josephus  and  the  Bible. 

7.  The  system  of  water  supply  for  the  city  and  temple  has  been  investi- 
gated, although,  through  the  jealously  of  the  Turkish  officials,  some  points 
relating  to  the  cisterns  under  the  Sanctuary  area  remain  still  undetermined. 
The  whole  of  the  Temple-mount  has  been  found  to  be  honeycombed  with 
reservoirs  capable  of  containing  a  supply  of  ten  million  gallons.  The  great 
aqueduct  of  Solomon  has  been  explored,  and  subterranean  passages,  proba- 
bly of  the  time  of  Hezekiah,  discovered,  leading  to  the  pools  which  were 
"  stopped  "  by  him  at  the  time  of  Sennacherib's  invasion.  For  the  abun- 
dance and  purity  of  its  waters,  no  city  of  ancient  times  surpassed  Jerusalem  ; 
a  distinction  which  might  be  easily  again  realized  under  a  liberal  and  enter- 
prising government. 

8.  Something  has  been  done  toward  settling  the  disputed  question  as  to 
the  genuineness  of  the  alleged  sites  of  Calvary  and  the  Holy  Sepulcher. 
The  real  sites  we  know  were  without  the  city  walls,  while  those  which  now 
bear  the  name  are  far  within  them.  The  outer  wall,  as  described  by  Jose- 
phus, began  at  the  gate  "  Gennath  "  in  the  northern  wall  of  Zion,  and  making 
a  circuit  around  Akra  joined  Antonia  on  the  east.  The  position  of  this  gate, 
therefore,  is  an  important  element  in  determining  the  location  and  course 
of  the  wall.  Those  who  object  to  the  present  sites  place  Gennath  in  the 
extreme  west  of  the  city,  near  the  modern  Castle  of  David,  probably  the 
ancient  Hippicus,  in  which  case  the  wall  must  necessarily  have  passed  out- 
side of  the  supposed  site  of  the  sepulcher.  Those  on  the  contrary  who  de- 
fend the  present  sites,  locate  Gennath  farther  eastward,  nearly  midway 
between  the  Jaffa  Gate  and  the  temple.  Here  an  ancient  gate-way  still 
exists  which  has  been  claimed  to  be  the  one  in  question  ;  while  some  pillars 
and  foundation  stones  lying  north  of  it  have  been  taken  to  be  the  remains 
of  the  wall  itself.  Capt.  Warren's  investigations  did  not  confirm  either  of 
these  assumptions,  and  the  inferences  drawn  from  them,  on  the  whole,  seem 
unfavorable  to  the  theory  that  the  sites  are  genuine. 

Such  are  some  of  the  particular  results  which  have  been  reached  by  these 
very  interesting  explorations,  in  addition  to  which  is  a  large  amount  of  evi- 
dence confirming  in  a  general  way  the  Scripture  narrative  and  illustrating 
the  topography  and  archaeology  of  Jerusalem. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


SELOUS'  TWO  GREAT  PICTURES  OF  JERUSALEM. 
I.  In  her  Grandeur.  II.  In  her  Decay. 

These  magnificent  paintings  have  attracted  universal  commendation,  wherever  they  have  heen 
exhibited.  They  are  grand  and  beautiful,  and  invaluable  in  conveying  a  correct  impression  of  the 
Holy  City  to  all  both  old  and  young. 

NOTICES  OF  THE  PRESS. 


From  the  Boston  Globe. 
In  "Jerusalem  in  her  Grandeur,"  the  spec- 
tator is  supposed  to  be  looking  down  on  the 
Holy  City  from  the  western  side  of  the  Mount 
of  Olives.  The  beautiful  city  lies  spread  out 
under  a  bright  and  clear  sky,  the  temple  form- 
ing the  central  and  principal  feature  of  the  pic- 
ture, and  rising  like  a  fairy  palace  above  the 
surrounding  edifices.  Though  a  restoration  of 
the  temple,  there  is  authority  for  every  thing 
introduced   here.      It  is  extraordinary   in 

ITS    GRACE,    ITS    BEAUTY   AND    ITS    GORGEOUS- 

ness.  It  stands  there  in  a  glow  of  light,  the 
realization  of  a  dream  of  wonder-land. 

The  grouping  of  the  figures  is  artistic  and 
animated,  the  coloring  is  brilliant,  and  the 
handling  extremely  vigorous.  In  fact,  the  de- 
tails of  the  whole  picture  are  worked  out  with 
marvelous  patience  and  clearness.  The  draw- 
ing is  admirable,  and  the  broad  masses  of  light 
and  shade  arc  finely  distributed.  The  picture 
is  full  of  suggestiveness,  and  both  tempts  and 
repays  the  most  earnest  study. 

In  the  second  picture,  "Jerusalem  in  her 
fall,"  every  street,  every  pathway,  almost 
every  stone  of  the  city  is  rendered  with  the 
minutest  faithfulness.  The  whole  work  bears 
upon  it  the  impress  of  unswerving  fidelity. 
Travelers,  who  have  seen  this  painting,  are 
unstinting  in  the  praise  they  bestow  upon  it  for 
its  truth.  As  in  the  other  picture,  though  the 
canvas  is  crowded  with  buildings,  every  house, 
arch  and  tower  is  depicted  with  the  most  ex- 
treme care.  Notwithstanding,  the  effect  is  broad, 
grand,  harmonious  and  artistic  in  the  highest  de- 
gree. 

As  works  of  art  they  are  entitled  to  the  high- 
est praise,  and  suggesting  as  they  do  the  glory 
and  decadence  of  a  great  race,  and  the  thoughts 
of  a  past  when  God  spake  to  man  and  dwelt 
with  his  people,  it  is  impossible  to  stand  before 
them  unmoved  by  a  far  stronger  feeling  than 
curiosity,  and  a  holier  sentiment  than  admira- 
tion. 


From  the  New  York  Evening  Post. 

Both  pictures  are  remarkable  in  two 
ways  —  they  combine  the  highest  realism 
with  the  grandest  general  effect. 

Before  seeing  them  one  anticipates  with  pain 
their  topographical  accuracy,  and  their  minute 
perfection  of  detail,  a  view  of  the  pictures  dis- 
pels all  this,  one  sees  two  paintings,  which, 
while  possessing  great  mechanical  excellence, 
hint  at  something  more  and  higher. 

The  picture  of  the  Jerusalem  of  to-day  is  not 
simply  a  portrayal  ot  its  fractured  walls,  its 
houses,  and  its  public  buildings  ;  but  a  gl miring 
account  of  the  doom  which  has  come  upon  the 
Holy  City.  —  It  is  a  dead  town,  rich  with  glo- 
rious memories,  like  a  mummy  wrapped  in  the 

(c) 


finest  cloths.  The  companion  picture  tells  a 
different  story.  Those  compact  walls,  the 
crowds  of  people,  and  above  all  the  golden 
roof  of  the  Temple,  speak  of  prosperity  and 
influence  and  dominion.  It  is  the  great  city, 
haughty  and  insolent,  which  contemned  Christ 
and  fell  a  prey  to  its  own  wilfulness  —  looking 
at  it  one  gets  some  idea  of  its  glory  and  pride, 
and  proper  place  in  history. 

Each  canvas  is  full  of  an  inarticulate  eloquence 
which  must  be  heard  before  one  can  become 
acquainted  with  their  highest  merits. 


From  the  New  York  Tribune. 

The  view  of  Jerusalem  in  her  pristine  grand- 
eur—  at  least  as  she  appeared  in  the  time  of 
our  Saviour  —  is  not  a  mere  effort  of  artistic 
imagination,  but  is  based  upon  conscien- 
tious STUDY  OF  ALL  THE  AUTHORITIES  that 
could  be  consulted  on  the  subject,  from  Jose- 
phus  to  the  present  day.  The  presentation  of 
the  great  Temple  and  its  surroundings  is  a 
georgeous  and  masterly  piece  of  fainting,  and 
would  have  seemed  extravagant  and  impossible 
were  it  not  for  the  recent  explorations,  which 
cause  us  to  be  cautious  in  denying  any  thing 
which  may  be  asserted  of  the  glories  of  Jerusa- 
lem. So  scholarly  and  cautious  a  judge  as  Dr. 
Bellows  calls  it  exact  and  truth-seeming  as  well 
as  impressive  and  fascinating. 

The  second  picture  represents  the  Jerusalem 
of  to-day  in  that  desolate  beauty  which  comes 
only  with  age  and  ruin  —  It  is  a  remarkably 
striking  and  faithful  view  of  a  great  city  in  decay. 

—  You  can  see  with  perfect  distinctness  the 
huddled  Hebrew  houses  on  Mt.  Zion ;  the 
Latin  and  Armenian  convents  ;  the  domes  and 
minarets  of  the  great  Mosks  ;  the  crest  of  Mt. 
Moriah,  and  the  winding  and  tangled  foot- 
paths on  its  slope  ;  and  the  long  line  of  the 
walls,  with  their  picturesque  gates.  The 
gnarled  and  twisted  oaks  on  Mt.  Olivet  are  old 
acquaintances  of  all  who  have  visited  the  East 

—  while  the  local  color  and  air  are  preserved  in 
the  hot  bare  rocks  and  sand  of  the  foreground, 
and  the  golden  flood  of  warm  light  with  which 
the  canvas  is  literally  drenched. 


From  the  New  York  Times. 

Mr.  Selous  has  represented  the  ancient  city 
and  its  surroundiugs  in  exact  accordance  wilh 
the  descriptions  left  by  the  best  historical  au- 
thorities, and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the 
design  is,  in  the  main,  correct,  and  that  a  task 
which  might  have  deterred  any  artist  from  at- 
tempting it,  has  been  most  satisfactorily  per- 
formed. It  is  a  grand  conception  of  what 
Jerusalem  might  have  been  in  her  palmy  days 
and  does  infinite  credit  to  Mr.  Selous'  taste 
and  imagination. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


From  Prof.    E.    A.  Park,  of  Andover   Theo- 
logical Seminary. 

My  Dear  Sir :  —  I  have  examined  Selous' 
two  pictures  of  Jerusalem,  and  have  been  highly 
delighted  -with  them.  The  teachers  and  pupils 
in  our  Sabbath  Schools  and  Bible  Classes  may 
derive  much  instruction,  as  well  as  pleasure, 
from  the  examination  of  them.  The  pictures 
can  be  studied  with  profit  by  the  most  learned 
clergymen,  as  well  as  by  the  members  of  our 
schools. 

I  am  quite  surprised  at  the  definiteness 
with  which  the  picture  of  modern  Jerusalem 
recalls  the  general  aspect  of  the  city  as  it  ap- 
peared to  me  in  1869.  In  its  general  effect 
it  seems  to  be  admirable  as  a  work  of  art,  but 
still  more  admirable  when  it  is  examined  in 
its  details.  As  a  work  of  art  the  picture  will 
improve  the  taste  of  the  community  ;  as  an  aid 
to  the  study  of  the  Scriptures  it  will  be  a  power- 
ful auxiliary  of  the  preacher. 

Our  pastors  will  render  an  important 
service  to  their  parishioners  by  encour- 
aging them  to  visit  and  to  study  this 
representation  of  the  most  interesting 
city  in  the  world. 

Very  Respectfully  Yours, 

Edwards  A.  Park. 
Andover  Theological  Seminary,  Oct.  10,  1872. 


From  Rev.  John  O.  Means,  D.  D.,  Pastor 
of  the  Vine  St.  Church,  Boston. 
Gentlemen :  —  I  wish  to  thank  you  for  afford- 
ing the  Christian  community  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  the  great  paintings  of  ancient  and 
modern  Jerusalem.  The  former  appears  to  be 
faithful  in  the  main  to  the  historical  memoran- 
da, and  leaves  a  more  definite  impression 

OF    THE   GLORY   OF    THE   ANCIENT   ClTY   than 

any  amount  of  reading  can  give.     The  repre- 
sentation of  the  city  as  the  traveler  now  sees 
it  is  accurate  even  to  the  slightest  details. 
Very  truly  yours, 

John  O.  Means. 
Vine-street  Church,  May  22,  1872. 


From  Rev.  Zachary  Eddy,  D.  D.,  Pastor  of 
the  Central  Church,  Chelsea,  Mass. 

Dear  Sir:  —  I  wish  to  express  to  you  the 
Unalloyed  Satisfaction  with  which  I  wit- 
nessed in  my  church  your  exhibition  of  Selous' 
paintings  of  ancient  and  Modern  Jerusalem. 
The  paintings  were  not  new  to  me.  I  had  stud- 
ied them  somewhat  carefully  in  New  York,  and 
'afterward  in  your  rooms  in  Tremont  Street.  / 
had  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  best  extant  au- 
thorities their  extraordinary  accuracy,  not  only  in 
the  general  outline,  but  in  the  minutest  details. 
No  "  plan  of  Jerusalem"  which  I  have  ever  seen 
gave  me  so  vivid  an  idea  of  the  grandeur  of  the 
Ancient  Temple  and  city,  or  of  the  appearance 
of  the  Modern  City  anclMosk,  as  these' wonder- 
ful pictures.  The  city  itself,  including  the  walls, 
the  buildings,  and  especially  the  temple  in  the 
Ancient  Jerusalem,  is  a  master-piece  of  architec- 
tural painting. 

I  thank  you  most  sincerely  for  the  entertain- 
ment, and  I  hope  that  it  may  at  some  future 
time  be  repeated. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Zachary  Eddy. 
Chelsea,  Mass.,   Oct.  20,   1872. 

(B) 


From  Rev.   Edward  L.  Clark,  Pastor  of  the 
Nortli  Church,  New  Haven. 

The  paintings  of  Selous  are  most  interesting 
and  valuable.  In  general  effect  they 
are  wonderfully  truthful.  The  ancient 
Jerusalem  is  open  to  some  difference  of  opin- 
ion regarding  disputed  points,  but  no  one  can 
fail  to  enjoy  the  spirit  of  the  handling,  or  to  feel 
the  atmosphere  which  surrounds  it. 

The  modern  city  is  by  far  the  most  satis- 
factory yet  painted.  Every  detail  is  cop- 
ied with  fidelity,  fresh  from  the  scene  which 
suggests  the  days  of  David  and  Christ.  It  is 
sad,  touching,  full  of  quiet  suggestion  and  deep 
feeling.  Olivet  reaches  away  from  your  feet. 
The  sunset  lingers  over  Zion.  The  beautiful 
mosk  of  Omar  seems  to  protect  the  sacred 
rock.  The  shadows  fall  over  that  unknown 
Calvary  somewhere  within  the  view. 

You  go  away  satisfied  that  at  last  you  have 
actually  "  stood  within  her  gates."  The  very 
word  Jerusalem  comes  nearer  your  apprehen- 
sion. It  is  no  longer  a  sound  but  the  sugges- 
tion of  a  reality.  The  heart  rests  quite  satis- 
fied. 

Edward  L.  Clark. 
Boston,  July  10,  1872. 


From  Rev.  William   Everett,  Pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  Nativity,  New  York. 

Every  one  who  has  had  the  privilege  of 
visiting  Jerusalem  will  recognize  at  once  the 
great  fidelity  of  the  painting  of  Mr.  Selous. 

Having  lived  two  months  in  the  Holy  City 
in  daily  and  close  examination  of  every  thing 
to  be  seen  within  and  around  the  walls,  I  find 
the  painting  an  admirable  representation.  It 
bears  minute  study,  and  its  correctness  becomes 
plainer  as  the  examination  is  more  extended 
and  complete. 

William  Everett. 
New  York,  March  n,  1872. 


From  Rev.  D.  T.  Furber,  Pastor  of  the  First 
Congregational  Church,  ATewion,  Mass.. 

Gentlemen  :  —  We  were  delighted  with  the  exhi- 
bition of  Selous'  pictures  of  Jerusalem  in  our 
church  a  short  time  since.  To  see  the  pictures 
is  almost  like  making  a  journey  to  the  Holy 
City  ;  and  to  hear  them  so  well  described,  is  to 
have  the  advantage  of  one  of  the  best  of  guides. 

The"  picture  of  Ancient  Jerusalem  expresses 
most  admirably  the  grandeur  and  glory  of  the 
city  in  the  time  of  Christ ;  while  that  of  modern 
Jerusalem  is  a  perfect  representation  of  the  city 
as  I  saw  it  from  the  same  point  of  view  in  1870. 

D.  L.  Furber. 
Newton  Center,  Oct.  30,   1872. 


From  Rev.  and  Mrs.  W.  A.  Benton,  Mis- 
sionaries  cf  the  A.  B.  C.  F'  M.  to  Syria  for 
over  twenty  years. 

We  find  the  pictures  of  Jerusalem  very  ac- 
curate and  beautiful,  as  wc  have  ourselves  seen 
the  city  from  the  Mount  of  Olives.     It  is  almost 
equal  to  an  actual  visit  there  to  survey  that  of 
Modern  Jerusalem.     And  wc  cordially  recom- 
mend   to    all,    especially   to    Sabbath    school 
teachers  and  scholars,  to  visit  and  study  these 
beautiful  views  of  the  city  of  the  Great  King. 
William  A.  Benton. 
Mrs.  W.  A.  Benton. 
Boston,  June  26,  1872. 


TESTIMONIALS. 


From.  Rev.  Gilbert  Haven,  D.  D.,  Bishop 
of  the  M.  E.   Church. 

I  have  taken  especial  pleasure  in  visiting  Se- 
lous'  Pictures  of  Jerusalem,  the  Ancient  and 
the  Modern.  The  former  is  ideal  in  a  degree, 
though  as  it  strictly  follows  the  lay  of  the  land 
and  the  historic  monuments,  it  holds  closely  to 
the  topography   and    history   of   the  city.     It 

LOCATES  THE  CHIEF  SITES  CORRECTLY  AND 
APPROACHES  IN  CONCEPTION  THE  ORIGINAL 
MAGNIFICENCE. 

The  modern  Jerusalem  is  faithfully  rendered 
in  all  its  desolation,  looking  the  more  desolate 
by  the  side  of  its  splendid  forerunner.  Their 
exhibition  is  accompanied  with  historic  lectures 
illustrating  the  buildings  and  localities  which 
are  delivered  by  competent  scholars. 

Sunday  schools  and  congregations  will  find 
these  paintings  a  great  help  to  the  better  un- 
derstanding of  the  Book  of  God. 

Gilbert  Haven. 
Boston,  July  Sth,  1872. 


From  Rev.  S.  F.  Upham,  Pastor  of  Winthrop 
St.  M.  E.  Church,  Boston. 
I  have  seen  several  ti:r.es  Selous'  paintings 
of  Ancient  and  Modern  Jerusalem.  My  interest 
in  them  has  increased  with  every  visit.  The 
pictures  are  finely  executed  and  give  the  Bible 
student  a  better  idea  of  what  the  Holy  City  was 
in  the  time  when  our  Saviour  walked  its  streets 
and  was  crucified  just  outside  its  gates,  than  can 
possibly  be  gained  from  description.  All  Bible 
students  should  certainly  attend  the  exhibitions. 

S.  F.  Upham. 
Boston,  Oct.  19,  1872. 


From  Rev.    James    B.   Dunn,    Pastor  of  the 
Beach  St.  Presbyterian  Church,  Boston. 

Gentlemen :  —  As  to  the  fidelity  with  which 
the  artist,  in  placing  on  canvas  "Jerusalem  in 
her  grandeur,"  has  adhered  to  sacred  and  pro- 
fane history,  we  leave  Bible  students  and  arch- 
aeologists to  judge.  WE  ARE  SATISFIED.  Still 
more  are  we  with  "Jerusalem  in  her  fall."  On 
the  Continent  and  in  Gt.  Britain  we  saw  several 
representations  of  the  city  as  it  now  is  ;  but 
never  one  so  perfect  in  its  whole  character,  and 
so  faithful  in  minute  particulars,  as  this  most 
admirable  work  of  Selous. 

It  is  just  such  a  picture  as  those  who 
have  been  there  would  like  to  see 
and  those  who  have  not  ought  to  see, 
and  the  engraving,  taken  from  it,  is  like  unto  it, 
and  happy  is  he,  who  can  adorn  the  walls  of 
his  home  with  a  copy  ;  still  happier  he  who  can 
afford  the  "  pair." 

Yours, 

James  B.  Dunn. 
Boston,  July  26,  1872. 


From  Chas.  S.  Robinson,  lately  Pastor  of  the 
Church  of  the  American  Chapel  in  Paris. 

The  wonderful  accuracy  in  coloring  snd  de- 
tail of  the  picture  of  modern  Jerusalem  arrests 
me  much.  The  white  paths,  the  remembered 
buildings,  the  very  stones  in  the  wall,  the  trees 


and  tombs,  are  put  in  with  the  fidelity  of  the 
sun  in  a  photograph  ;  while  the  tone  of  the 
whole  is  only  what  an  artist  could  add  with 
his  pencil. 

The  picture  of  ancient  Jerusalem  was  even 
more  absorbingly  interesting  to  me  than  the 
other.  As  a  presentation  on  canvas  of  the 
traditional  theory  of  locality  in  Jerusalem,  it 
is  unrivaled.  And  as  to  the  beauty  and 
power  of  the  artistic  result,  there  can  be  but 
one  opinion  :  it  is  masterly. 

Yours  very  truly, 

Chas.  S.  Robinson. 


From  Henry  W.  Bellows,  New  York. 

Dear  Sir :  —  The  inexhaustible  interest  of 
the  subject  must  draw  every  intelligent  Chris- 
tian to  the  exhibition  of  these  pictures,  and  it  is 
fortunate  that  those  who  behold  them  will  not 
be  wasting  their  time  on  inartistic  daubs,  or 
careless  and  inexact  delineations. 

Of  "Jerusalem  in  its  Grandeur,"  it  is  plain 
that  the  artist  has  guessed  or  imagined  as  little 
as  possible,  and  consulted  all  the  best  author- 
ities. His  picture  considered  only  from  an 
architectural  point  of  view,  presents  a  more 
exact  and  truth-seeming  portrait  of  the  Temple 
and  the  great  buildings,  than  any  I  have  seen. 
It  is  a  very  gorgeous  and  impressive  paint- 
ing, and  fascinates  the  eye  and  piques  the 
imagination. 

But  of  "Jerusalem  in  its  Fall,"  I  feel  some 
right  to  speak,  having  within  a  few  years  stood 
upon  the  felicitous  point  of  view  from  which  the 
picture  was  drawn.  It  seems  to  me  nobody 
familiar  with  the  spot  can  fail  to  feel  the  scru- 
pulous fidelity  of  the  portrait.  It  is  Jerusalem 
herself,  in  every  stone  and  line,  and  almost  every 
house !  It  is  hardly  too  much  to  say, 
that  frequent  visits  to  this  picture, 
(descriptive  pamphlet  in  hand),  would 
give  most  visitors  a  better  idea  of  the 
actual  scene  than  most  persons  running 
up  from  Jaffa  and  spending  a  day  or 
two  only  in  and  about  the  city,  are 
able  to  bring  away. 

Respectfully  yours, 

Henry  W.  Bellows. 
New  York,  Feb.  20,  1872. 


From  Rev.  J.  D.  Fulton,  D.  D.,  Pastor  of  the 
Fremont  Temple  Church,  Boston. 

Gentlemen :  —  Permit  me  to  express  the 
thanks  of  my  church  for  the  pleasure  and  in- 
struction, derived  from  the  Exhibition  of  Selous' 
pictures  of  Jerusalem  in  Tremont  Temple.  We. 
obtained  our  first  definite  and  distinct  impression 
of  the  Jerusalem  Christ  wept  over,  and  of  the 
Jerusalem  in  which  he  died,  when  we  gaze  upon 
this  wondrous  scene.  I  have  visited  the  pic- 
tures bo;h  in  New  York  and  Boston,  and  have 
studied  them  by  the  hour.  They  are  all  your 
pamphlet  describes  them,  and  should  be  seen  by 
every  lover  of  God^s  word  in  the  world. 

Your  friend  and  brother, 

Justin  D.  Fulton. 
Boston,  Oct.  28,  1S72. 


TESTIMONIALS   FROM   ENGLISH    SOURCES. 


TVo/*.-  — These   great  pictures,  when   in  England 

From    Edward    Atkinson,    Esq.,  of   Leeds, 

Enyland. 

Late  Surgeon  for  four  years  to  the  English 
Hospital  for  J<ra>s  in  Jerusalem. 

I  have  been  greatly  delighted  with  Mr. 
Selous'  fine  picture  of  Modern  Jerusalem,  and 
as  I  have  had  the  advantage  of  four  years'  resi- 
dence in  the  "  Holy  City,"  I  may  claim  to  have 
an  opinion  as  to  its  faithfulness. 

Among  the  many  representations  I  have  seen 
of  the  subject,  none  have  so  thoroughly  satisfied 
me  as  this.  Not  only  is  the  general  effect  most 
true,  but  after  a  careful  scrutiny  of  the  details, 
I  have  not  succeeded  in  finding  a  fauU.  There 
is  no  exaggeration  of  the  principal  buildings, 
nor  other  salient  points  ;  no  slurring  over,  or 
hap-hazard  filling  in  of  the  less  conspicuous 
parts  of  the  picture.  I  recognize  numbers  of 
private  houses  in  all  quarters  of  the  city,  as  old 
friends  ;  the  net-work  of  foot-paths  on  the  slope 
of  Mount  Moriah  —  the  very  sheep-tracks  re- 
mind me  of  many  an  incident  in  recent  years  ; 
even  the  stones  in  the  wall,  particularly  those 
at  the  south-eastern  angle,  are  individual  pictures  ! 

Nor  has  the  artist  been  drawn  into  the  too 
commDn  error  of  seeking  to  enhance  the  effect 
of  his  picture,  at  the  expense  of  truth,  by  intro- 
ducing verdure  where  it  does  not  exist.  The 
sprinkling  of  trees  on  the  descent  of  Olivet  and 
in  the  Valley  of  Jehoshaphat,  is  no  more  than 
one  sees  now-a-days.  The  extensive  olive 
groves  on  the  north  of  the  city  present  at  a  dis- 
tance fully  as  much  the  appearance  of  well- 
wooded  country  as  is  conveyed  in  the  painting 
—  while  the  dazzling  limestone  rocks  in  the 
foreground,  and  the  arid  sides  of  Zion  and 
Ophel,  give  as  truthful  an  idea  of  the  present 
barren  aspect  of  the  soil  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  Fallen  City  as  the  severest  critic  could 
desire. 

Edward  Atkinson. 


Extracts  from  the  English  Press. 

As  pictures  the  works  are  perfect.  — English 
Churchman. 

Productions  that  we  may  never  possibly  see 
equaled.  — Era. 

An  epitome  of  all  the  learning  and  research 
on  the  subject  at  the  present  time.  —  Morning 
Herald. 

Master-pieces  of  art.  They  have  a  most 
imposing  effect  on  the  beholder.  —  Glasgow 
Morning  Journal. 

Showing  perfection  in  almost  every  touch.  .  . 
The  balance  of  all  the  parts  is  perfect.  — Man- 
chester Review. 

An  air  of  rich  luxuriance  pervades  the  whole 
scene.  The  figures  are  most  artistically  grouped. 
—  Morning  Chronicle. 

On  these  pictures  Mr.  Selous  has  lavished 
all  his  artistic  ability.  The  coloring  is  rich  and 
magnificent  in  effect.  —  Glasgow  Citizen. 

A  historical  study  of  surpassing  interest.  Of 
Mr.  Selous' great  ability  to  deal  with  these  in- 
teresting themes  there  can  be  no  question.  — 
Art  Journal. 

The  work  of  Mr.  Selous,  an  artist  of  remark- 
able skill  in  the  arrangement  of  effects  consist- 
ently with  general  truth  to  nature.  —  Daily 
Telegraph. 


,  were   visited  by  upwards  of    500,000  persons. 

The  groups  of  figures  in  the  foreground  are 
rendered  with  a  striking  reality  of  effect,  and 
the  tone  and  general  treatment  altogether,  ad- 
mirable. —  Birmingham  Journal. 

The  result  of  an  infinite  amount  of  research 
and  labor.  The  aerial  effects  are  certainly  ad- 
mirable, and  the  charming  transparency  of  the 
shadows  deserving  all  praise.  —  Christian  Ob- 
server. 

A  gorgeous  array  of  architectural  beauties. 
.  .  .  The  figures  are  finely  grouped,  and  as 
finely  sketched.  The  lights  and  shadows  are 
introduced  with  the  power  and  truthfulness  of  a 
true  artistic  feeling.  —  Afanchester  Daily  Ex- 
aminer. 

It  is  impossible  to  do  any  thing  like  justice  to 
the  extraordinary  merits  of  the  pictures  by  mere 
description.  No  higher  tribute  could  be  of- 
fered to  Mr.  Selous  than  the  feeling  of  reality 
with  which  the  spectator  is  impressed  on  view- 
ing these  magnificent  works. — North  British 
Daily  Mail. 

In  gazing  at  Mr.  Selous'  conception  of  An- 
cient Jerusalem,  the  mind  is  filled  with  the 
mysterious  glory  which  hovered  over  the  Holy 
City  as  described  in  the  Bible  ;  while,  to  con- 
template her  in  her  present  condition,  the 
change  begets  almost  a  feeling  of  awe  in  the 
spectator,  so  amazingly  truthful  are  both  repre- 
sentations.—  London  Globe. 

They  will  not  dissappoint  the  critical  visitor, 
for  their  artistic  merits  are  very  high  ;  and  they 
are  full  of  interest  to  the  student  of  Bible 
topography,  for  the  one  has  been  carefully 
elaborated  from  every  reliable  authority,  and 
the  other  is  by  recent  travelers  guaranteed  to 
be  an  accurate  representation  of  all  that  remains 
of  the  city  to  this  day.  —  Edinburgh  Witness. 

If  standing  upon  their  artistic  mer- 
its ALONE,  THESE  PAINTINGS  WOULD  MAKH 
THE  FAME  OF  ANY  ARTIST,  WHILE  IN  POINT 
OF  HISTORIC  VALUE  THEY  ARE  PERHAPS 
UNRIVALED  IN  THE  WORLD  OF  ART.  TO 
THE  STUDENT  OF  BlBLICAL  HISTORY  THEY 
ARE    WORTH    A    WHOLE    VOLUME    OF     PRINTED 

DESCRIPTION.  —  London    Times. 

Great  in  historic  and  sacred  interest,  pictorial 
effect,  and  artistic  skill.  The  figures  are  ad- 
mirably drawn  and  minutely  finished,  almost 
like  actual  portraits.  They  stand  out  with 
stereoseopic  distinctness  and  solidity.  The 
pure  strong  light  which  floods  the  pictures  is 
admirably  managed,  as  arc  also  the  atmospheric 
effects  throughout  the  works.  .  .  .  The  whole 
effect  is  strikingly  rich  and  beautiful.  —  Man- 
chester Guardian. 

Remarkable  pictures  of  large  dimensions  by 
the  eminent  historical  painter,  Mr.  Selous 
The  grouping  and  drawing  of  the  figures,  which 
impart  so  life-like  an  interest,  exhibit  great 
study The  parts  arc  every  where  subordi- 
nated to  the  whole,  and,  notwithstanding,  the 
evident  elaboration  of  the  work,  the  research 
and  ingenuity  expended  on  every  building,  and 
the  painstaking  care  with  each  pillar  and  but- 
tress is  depicted,  the  general  effect  is  broad, 
consistent  and  harmonious,  and  free  from  that 
patchy  mosaic  appearance  commsnly  resulting 
from  minute  labor  exhibited  on  so  large  a 
surface.  —  Birmingham  Daily  Post. 


